{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2073695023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.1977.5220121","title":"Effect of Human Error on The Availability of Periodically Inspected Redundant Systems","display_name":"Effect of Human Error on The Availability of Periodically Inspected Redundant Systems","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2073695023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.1977.5220121","mag":"2073695023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.1977.5220121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.1977.5220121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.1977.5220121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053264520","display_name":"G. Apostolakis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.E. Apostolakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","5532 Boelter Hall; University of California; Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"5532 Boelter Hall; University of California; Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"P.P. Bansal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I923382979","display_name":"ExxonMobil (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01xcepn55","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I923382979"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.P. Bansal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobil Research and Development Corporation, Dallas, TX, USA","Mobil Research & Development Corp.; PO Box 900; Dallas, TX 75221 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobil Research and Development Corporation, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I923382979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobil Research & Development Corp.; PO Box 900; Dallas, TX 75221 USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99140546,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"R-26","issue":"3","first_page":"220","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.5145999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.5145999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.45410001277923584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.01759999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-error","display_name":"human error","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-unavailability","display_name":"system unavailability","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundant-systems","display_name":"redundant systems","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/periodic-inspection","display_name":"periodic inspection","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-power-plant-safety-systems","display_name":"nuclear power plant safety systems","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneous-testing","display_name":"simultaneous testing","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component-failure-probability","display_name":"component failure probability","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-failure","display_name":"hardware failure","score":0.5130000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.9976810216903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.8494623899459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126231374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061298","display_name":"Operability","level":2,"score":0.826112687587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169806903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937752","display_name":"Human error","level":2,"score":0.7938165664672852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6671305298805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5646375417709351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23725684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616377","display_name":"Maintenance engineering","level":2,"score":0.46253231167793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.46196526288986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.44759565591812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3400317430496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.332793265581131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2966371476650238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.1977.5220121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.1977.5220121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.1977.5220121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982017853","https://openalex.org/W2023497744","https://openalex.org/W2272561789","https://openalex.org/W4210601890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980766328","https://openalex.org/W2166242784","https://openalex.org/W2065522933","https://openalex.org/W2019577854","https://openalex.org/W118054983","https://openalex.org/W16808092","https://openalex.org/W208355367","https://openalex.org/W2311292121","https://openalex.org/W40341990","https://openalex.org/W1966079579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,72,108],"engineered":[1],"safeguards":[2],"of":[3,59,61,74,90,103,114],"nuclear":[4],"power":[5],"plants":[6],"contain":[7],"many":[8],"redundant":[9],"systems":[10,34],"which":[11,92],"are":[12,20,35,52],"not":[13],"operating":[14],"under":[15,106],"normal":[16],"conditions":[17,27],"but":[18],"they":[19],"called":[21],"upon":[22],"to":[23,64,80,85,100,117,126],"act":[24],"when":[25],"emergency":[26],"develop.":[28],"To":[29],"ensure":[30],"their":[31],"operability,":[32],"the":[33,57,68,75,88,96,101,104,112,122],"periodically":[36],"tested":[37],"(usually":[38],"once":[39],"a":[40],"month).":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"unavailability":[45,110,115,123],"formulae":[46],"for":[47],"several":[48],"common":[49],"logic":[50],"configurations":[51],"developed,":[53],"taking":[54],"into":[55],"account":[56],"probability":[58,73],"failure":[60,119],"components":[62,91],"due":[63,79,116,125],"human":[65,81,127],"error":[66,82],"in":[67],"simultaneous":[69],"testing":[70],"scheme.":[71],"component":[76,105],"being":[77],"down":[78],"is":[83,111],"assumed":[84],"depend":[86],"on":[87],"number":[89],"have":[93],"gone":[94],"through":[95],"tests":[97],"consecutively":[98],"prior":[99],"inspection":[102],"consideration.":[107],"system":[109],"sum":[113],"hardware":[118],"alone":[120],"and":[121],"contribution":[124],"error.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}