{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072895893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300034360","title":"Gestation of the clinic","display_name":"Gestation of the clinic","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072895893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300034360","mag":"2072895893","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7012480","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1139013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0025727300034360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300034360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300034360","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/98CA2A10DA4A44320F9E4F61556F86D3/S0025727300034360a.pdf/div-class-title-gestation-of-the-clinic-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102349131","display_name":"Medical History","issn_l":"0025-7273","issn":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/98CA2A10DA4A44320F9E4F61556F86D3/S0025727300034360a.pdf/div-class-title-gestation-of-the-clinic-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055113617","display_name":"Toby Gelfand","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297213882","display_name":"Presses Universitaires de France","ror":"https://ror.org/04drdn069","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297213882"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA","FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Toby Gelfand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naissance de la clinique (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France","Naissance de la clinique, 2nd ed., Paris, Presses Universitaires de France","Chair of the History of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada KIN 9A9"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naissance de la clinique (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297213882"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naissance de la clinique, 2nd ed., Paris, Presses Universitaires de France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297213882"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of the History of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada KIN 9A9","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055113617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297213882","https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.9497,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98856142,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"169","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.6948000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.6948000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.21570000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12324","display_name":"History of Medicine Studies","score":0.037300001829862595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-clinics","display_name":"hospital clinics","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/michel-foucault","display_name":"Michel Foucault","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-epistemology","display_name":"epistemology of medicine","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eighteenth-century-medicine","display_name":"18th-century medicine","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-histories","display_name":"case histories","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-observation","display_name":"clinical observation","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-western-medicine","display_name":"history of Western medicine","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7141411304473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5164470672607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5070328712463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3852522373199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3554689288139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006761","descriptor_name":"Hospitals","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010297","descriptor_name":"Paris","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013502","descriptor_name":"General Surgery","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049669","descriptor_name":"History, 16th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049671","descriptor_name":"History, 18th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0025727300034360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300034360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300034360","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/98CA2A10DA4A44320F9E4F61556F86D3/S0025727300034360a.pdf/div-class-title-gestation-of-the-clinic-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102349131","display_name":"Medical History","issn_l":"0025-7273","issn":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical History","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1139013","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1139013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Med Hist","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:7012480","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7012480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical history","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0025727300034360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300034360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300034360","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/98CA2A10DA4A44320F9E4F61556F86D3/S0025727300034360a.pdf/div-class-title-gestation-of-the-clinic-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102349131","display_name":"Medical History","issn_l":"0025-7273","issn":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2072895893.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2072895893.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2412381864","https://openalex.org/W2415777603","https://openalex.org/W2416911622","https://openalex.org/W2467443273","https://openalex.org/W6716968202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2497111960","https://openalex.org/W2903583347","https://openalex.org/W2039729955","https://openalex.org/W2915166618","https://openalex.org/W3117570071","https://openalex.org/W2495443538","https://openalex.org/W3167718162","https://openalex.org/W4233376193","https://openalex.org/W2460938455","https://openalex.org/W3113209365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"1963)":[0],"makes":[1],"a":[2,46,143,222,233,259,276],"brilliant":[3],"case":[4,134],"for":[5,58],"the":[6,10,15,19,31,34,51,63,68,72,123,150,193,203,214,237,244,263,268],"sudden":[7],"emergence":[8],"in":[9,40,113,122,172,227,273],"late":[11],"eighteenth":[12,74],"century":[13,75],"of":[14,24,33,45,54,71,81,90,108,126,129,133,149,208,213,236,239,243,251],"hospital":[16,155,225],"clinic":[17,35,206,245,271],"as":[18,36,139,141],"central":[20],"concept":[21],"and":[22,50,67,77,88,102,106,131,191,197],"institution":[23],"Western":[25],"medicine.Foucault's":[26],"thesis,":[27],"briefly":[28],"stated,":[29],"sees":[30],"birth":[32],"an":[37],"\"essential":[38],"mutation":[39],"medical":[41,65,82,216],"knowledge\"":[42],"arising":[43],"out":[44],"general":[47],"epistemological":[48],"transformation":[49],"Revolutionary":[52],"re-structuring":[53],"French":[55],"society.'There":[56],"is":[57,116,136],"Foucault":[59,179],"no":[60],"link":[61],"between":[62],"new":[64],"discourse":[66],"way":[69],"physicians":[70],"earlier":[73],"perceived":[76],"described":[78],"disease.A":[79],"system":[80],"knowledge":[83,98,254],"based":[84],"on":[85,145],"abstract":[86],"naming":[87],"typing":[89],"diseases":[91],"disappears":[92],"utterly":[93],"before":[94],"one":[95],"which":[96],"achieves":[97],"by":[99],"sensory":[100],"observation,":[101],"detailed,":[103],"graphic":[104],"reporting":[105],"analysis":[107],"what":[109],"has":[110],"been":[111],"seen":[112],"sick":[114],"persons.Foucault":[115],"well":[117],"aware":[118],"that":[119,154],"clinical":[120],"medicine":[121],"literal":[124],"sense":[125],"bedside":[127],"study":[128],"patients":[130,220],"compilation":[132],"histories":[135],"at":[137],"least":[138],"old":[140],"Hippocrates.In":[142],"chapter":[144],"'The":[146],"Old":[147],"Age":[148],"Clinic',":[151],"he":[152],"notes":[153],"clinics":[156,175],"modelled":[157],"after":[158],"Boerhaave's":[159],"famous":[160],"Leyden":[161],"institution,":[162],"existed":[163],"throughout":[164],"eighteenth-century":[165,269],"Europe,":[166],"though":[167],"they":[168],"were":[169],"peculiarly":[170],"rare":[171],"France.However,":[173],"these":[174,219],"or":[176],"\"proto-":[177],"clinics\",":[178],"insists":[180],"(and":[181],"I":[182],"think":[183],"rightly),":[184],"differed":[185],"radically":[186],"from":[187,221,255],"their":[188],"modern":[189],"counterpart,":[190],"therefore":[192],"former":[194],"did":[195],"not":[196,200],"indeed":[198],"could":[199],"evolve":[201],"into":[202],"latter.2The":[204],"Boerhaavian":[205],"consisted":[207],"human":[209],"specimens":[210],"exemplifying":[211],"categories":[212],"accepted":[215,253],"taxonomy.It":[217],"selected":[218],"much":[223],"larger":[224],"population":[226],"order":[228],"to":[229,257,262],"provide":[230],"students":[231],"with":[232],"representative":[234],"sample":[235],"types":[238],"diseases.The":[240],"sole":[241],"function":[242],"thus":[246],"was":[247],"didactic":[248],"-the":[249],"transmission":[250],"already":[252],"professor":[256],"students.In":[258],"manner":[260],"similar":[261],"traditional":[264],"public":[265],"anatomy":[266],"lesson,":[267],"teaching":[270],"was,":[272],"large":[274],"measure,":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}