{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072668066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539","title":"Do women fare worse: a metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome","display_name":"Do women fare worse: a metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072668066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539","mag":"2072668066","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11014529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1995308","display_name":"Journal of neurosurgery","issn_l":"0022-3085","issn":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316861","host_organization_name":"American Association of Neurological Surgeons","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316861"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association of Neurological Surgeons"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurosurgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2072668066"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087668972","display_name":"Elana Farace","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elana Farace","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA. farace@virginia.edu","Department of Public Health Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA. farace@virginia.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074963669","display_name":"Wayne M. Alves","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wayne M. Alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia; and INC Research, Charlottesville, Virginia","University of Virginia'"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia; and INC Research, Charlottesville, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia'","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6484,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":459,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83844911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"93","issue":"4","first_page":"539","last_page":"545"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.5386000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.5386000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.45680001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"traumatic brain injury","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-fatality-rate","display_name":"case fatality rate","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women","display_name":"women","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/men","display_name":"men","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome-variables","display_name":"outcome variables","score":0.33000001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8831238746643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.8156511783599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.733883798122406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777796830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1529519","display_name":"Glasgow Outcome Scale","level":3,"score":0.49448585510253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187316915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92307203","display_name":"Case fatality rate","level":3,"score":0.45127785205841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.42685580253601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.4152901768684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3802376389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.21366962790489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.20259830355644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1948498785495758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.18392249941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.1118585467338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001930","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001930","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries","qualifier_ui":"Q000534","qualifier_name":"rehabilitation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017063","descriptor_name":"Outcome Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1995308","display_name":"Journal of neurosurgery","issn_l":"0022-3085","issn":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316861","host_organization_name":"American Association of Neurological Surgeons","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316861"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association of Neurological Surgeons"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurosurgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11014529","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11014529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of neurosurgery","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Gender equality"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54804784","https://openalex.org/W1546098095","https://openalex.org/W1562811233","https://openalex.org/W1580988107","https://openalex.org/W1647805770","https://openalex.org/W1915093207","https://openalex.org/W1967777630","https://openalex.org/W1973893263","https://openalex.org/W1974355482","https://openalex.org/W1978883047","https://openalex.org/W1979121622","https://openalex.org/W1981983894","https://openalex.org/W1988462852","https://openalex.org/W1991399501","https://openalex.org/W1997286153","https://openalex.org/W2013331606","https://openalex.org/W2025644555","https://openalex.org/W2026729009","https://openalex.org/W2027411692","https://openalex.org/W2028505477","https://openalex.org/W2030158939","https://openalex.org/W2032344422","https://openalex.org/W2034775781","https://openalex.org/W2035148376","https://openalex.org/W2037623573","https://openalex.org/W2046543862","https://openalex.org/W2053407163","https://openalex.org/W2056351538","https://openalex.org/W2062818267","https://openalex.org/W2067531054","https://openalex.org/W2068260202","https://openalex.org/W2081539617","https://openalex.org/W2092345297","https://openalex.org/W2104606863","https://openalex.org/W2104730217","https://openalex.org/W2111929253","https://openalex.org/W2151384577","https://openalex.org/W2152192242","https://openalex.org/W2155622431","https://openalex.org/W2162626039","https://openalex.org/W2164148883","https://openalex.org/W2170132858","https://openalex.org/W2171176064","https://openalex.org/W4300870773","https://openalex.org/W6648231827","https://openalex.org/W6852602779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108009260","https://openalex.org/W2146398461","https://openalex.org/W2033063288","https://openalex.org/W1994628305","https://openalex.org/W2583653933","https://openalex.org/W4390382473","https://openalex.org/W2915478013","https://openalex.org/W4306816441","https://openalex.org/W2062359264","https://openalex.org/W2081782337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECT:":[0],"The":[1,18],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,44,47,56,79,88,114,131,150],"this":[4,115,118],"metaanalysis":[5],"was":[6,61,70,109,139],"to":[7,30,98],"investigate":[8],"possible":[9],"gender":[10],"differences":[11,152],"in":[12,22,34,58,72,75,111,126,153],"traumatic":[13],"brain":[14],"injury":[15],"(TBI)":[16],"sequelae.":[17],"case":[19],"fatality":[20],"rates":[21],"patients":[23],"after":[24,104],"TBI":[25,48,137,154],"have":[26],"previously":[27],"been":[28],"shown":[29],"be":[31],"significantly":[32],"higher":[33],"women":[35,73,96],"as":[36],"compared":[37],"with":[38,83],"men.":[39],"METHODS:":[40],"A":[41,146],"quantitative":[42],"review":[43],"published":[45,134],"studies":[46,52],"outcome":[49,54,60,140,155],"revealed":[50],"eight":[51],"(20":[53],"variables)":[55],"TBI,":[57,105],"which":[59],"reported":[62],"separately":[63,142],"for":[64,77,143],"men":[65,76,103],"and":[66],"women.":[67],"CONCLUSIONS:":[68],"Outcome":[69],"worse":[71],"than":[74,102],"85%":[78],"the":[80,106,112,123,132],"measured":[81],"variables,":[82],"an":[84],"average":[85],"effect":[86],"size":[87],"-0.15.":[89],"Although":[90],"clinical":[91],"opinion":[92],"is":[93,120,156],"often":[94],"that":[95],"tend":[97],"experience":[99],"better":[100],"outcomes":[101],"opposite":[107],"pattern":[108],"suggested":[110],"results":[113],"metaanalysis.":[116],"However,":[117],"conclusion":[119],"limited":[121],"by":[122],"fact":[124],"that,":[125],"only":[127],"a":[128],"small":[129],"percentage":[130],"total":[133],"reports":[135],"on":[136],"outcome,":[138],"described":[141],"each":[144],"sex.":[145],"careful,":[147],"prospective":[148],"study":[149],"sex":[151],"clearly":[157],"needed.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
