{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072197299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095088","title":"Racial Characteristics and the Imposition of the Death Penalty","display_name":"Racial Characteristics and the Imposition of the Death Penalty","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072197299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095088","mag":"2072197299"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2095088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157620343","display_name":"American Sociological Review","issn_l":"0003-1224","issn":["0003-1224","1939-8271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Sociological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077749450","display_name":"Michael L. Radelet","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael L. Radelet","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077749450"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.12,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":173,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98962066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"6","first_page":"918","last_page":"918"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13076","display_name":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","score":0.04170000180602074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.011699999682605267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/death-penalty","display_name":"death penalty","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/furman-v-georgia","display_name":"Furman v. Georgia","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide","display_name":"homicide","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/florida","display_name":"Florida","score":0.328000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5314784049987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4252697825431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3341209888458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3239573538303375}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2095088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157620343","display_name":"American Sociological Review","issn_l":"0003-1224","issn":["0003-1224","1939-8271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Sociological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964033024","https://openalex.org/W1974006004","https://openalex.org/W2014779596","https://openalex.org/W2044141624","https://openalex.org/W2044233129","https://openalex.org/W2062472758","https://openalex.org/W2064395596","https://openalex.org/W2069666286","https://openalex.org/W2081068962","https://openalex.org/W2107136471","https://openalex.org/W2135157209","https://openalex.org/W2157895043","https://openalex.org/W2316295342","https://openalex.org/W2319347312","https://openalex.org/W2325391416","https://openalex.org/W2327200969"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107136471","https://openalex.org/W2751466202","https://openalex.org/W2039112291","https://openalex.org/W1990181656","https://openalex.org/W4254868316","https://openalex.org/W2020598918","https://openalex.org/W7028898262","https://openalex.org/W7092683626","https://openalex.org/W4403913179","https://openalex.org/W3008898115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,68],"paper":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,12,74,95,97,103,108,114,123,126,141],"question":[4],"of":[5,51,65,80,94,107,116,125],"whether":[6],"death":[7,61,127],"penalty":[8],"statutes":[9],"passed":[10],"after":[11],"1972":[13],"Supreme":[14],"Court":[15],"decision":[16],"in":[17,25,32,36],"Furman":[18],"v.":[19],"Georgia":[20],"successfully":[21],"eliminate":[22],"racial":[23],"disparities":[24],"capital":[26],"cases.":[27],"Over":[28],"600":[29],"homicide":[30],"indictments":[31],"twenty":[33],"Florida":[34],"counties":[35],"1976":[37],"and":[38],"1977":[39],"were":[40],"examined,":[41],"focusing":[42],"on":[43],"homicides":[44],"between":[45],"strangers":[46],"(nonprimary":[47],"homicides).":[48],"Those":[49],"accused":[50,64,79],"murdering":[52,66,81],"whites":[53,82],"are":[54],"more":[55],"likely":[56],"to":[57,60,73,83],"be":[58,84],"sentenced":[59],"than":[62],"those":[63,78],"blacks.":[67],"trend":[69],"is":[70,110],"due":[71],"primarily":[72],"higher":[75],"probability":[76,115],"for":[77,86,92],"indicted":[85],"first":[87,118],"degree":[88,119],"murder.":[89],"When":[90],"controlling":[91],"race":[93,106],"victim,":[96],"data":[98],"do":[99],"not":[100],"clearly":[101],"support":[102],"hypothesis":[104],"that":[105],"defendant":[109],"strongly":[111],"associated":[112],"with":[113],"a":[117],"murder":[120],"indictment":[121],"or":[122],"imposition":[124],"penalty.":[128],"(abstract":[129],"Adapted":[130],"from":[131],"Source:":[132],"American":[133,142,171,174,177],"Sociological":[134,143],"Review,":[135],"1981.":[136],"Copyright":[137],"\u00a9":[138],"1981":[139],"by":[140],"Association)":[144],"Racial":[145,147,149],"Differences":[146],"Factors":[148],"Discrimination":[150],"Correctional":[151],"Decision":[152],"Making":[153],"Sentencing":[154],"Criminal":[155],"Justice":[156],"System":[157],"Capital":[158],"Punishment":[159],"Death":[160],"Penalty":[161],"Black-White":[162],"Comparison":[163],"Caucasian":[164,166,168],"Adult":[165,172],"Offender":[167,175,180],"Violence":[169,178],"African":[170,173,176],"Homicide":[179],"1970s":[181],"07-02":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
