{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072159657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","title":"ENTROPY AND EVIL","display_name":"ENTROPY AND EVIL","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072159657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","mag":"2072159657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128470386","display_name":"Zygon\u00ae","issn_l":"0591-2385","issn":["0591-2385","1467-9744"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113882032","display_name":"Robert John Russell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19620478","display_name":"Graduate Theological Union","ror":"https://ror.org/00xs48965","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19620478"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert John Russell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science","Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19620478"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113882032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19620478"],"apc_list":{"value":2630,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2630},"apc_paid":{"value":2630,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2630},"fwci":4.138,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93143245,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13144","display_name":"Theology and Philosophy of Evil","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13144","display_name":"Theology and Philosophy of Evil","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13150","display_name":"Study and Philosophy of Religion","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12440","display_name":"Karl Barth and Christian Theology","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"entropy","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evil","display_name":"evil","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theodicy","display_name":"theodicy","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arrow-of-time","display_name":"arrow of time","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphysics-of-evil","display_name":"metaphysics of evil","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-dissipation","display_name":"energy dissipation","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catalytic-processes","display_name":"catalytic processes","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-experience","display_name":"religious experience","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"metaphor","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.6642985343933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179434709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899853","display_name":"H-theorem","level":5,"score":0.5735743641853333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14828074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186559","display_name":"Arrow of time","level":3,"score":0.569312572479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99692599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596577","display_name":"Dissipative system","level":2,"score":0.5408203601837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33932047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375553","display_name":"Boltzmann's entropy formula","level":3,"score":0.5136160254478455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.45460882782936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.41282811760902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.37372785806655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.35402166843414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3528820276260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3503350019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3428817689418793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3360956907272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49775889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795896","display_name":"Maximum entropy thermodynamics","level":4,"score":0.32917267084121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3222337067127228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42047476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6269544","display_name":"Joint quantum entropy","level":3,"score":0.3006685972213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.2420007288455963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.10477864742279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07385396957397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165995430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q891653","display_name":"Boltzmann equation","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128470386","display_name":"Zygon\u00ae","issn_l":"0591-2385","issn":["0591-2385","1467-9744"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:326a0129d0224ce1a19f0ca9974524a9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/326a0129d0224ce1a19f0ca9974524a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zygon, Vol 19, Iss 4 (1984)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00941.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128470386","display_name":"Zygon\u00ae","issn_l":"0591-2385","issn":["0591-2385","1467-9744"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549627180","https://openalex.org/W1588038912","https://openalex.org/W2946445444","https://openalex.org/W4237335931","https://openalex.org/W4301407432","https://openalex.org/W4312438862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313387044","https://openalex.org/W7125807069","https://openalex.org/W4297922457","https://openalex.org/W953964439","https://openalex.org/W4396975602","https://openalex.org/W1996684500","https://openalex.org/W6922588421","https://openalex.org/W4366779890","https://openalex.org/W6885030273","https://openalex.org/W4250909869"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"explores":[3],"a":[4,57,99],"possible":[5],"relationship":[6],"between":[7,38],"entropy":[8,21,39,50,77,95],"and":[9,25,28,31,36,40,49,91,115],"evil":[10,41,48,72],"in":[11,22,75,113],"terms":[12],"of":[13,20,47,88,102],"metaphor.":[14],"After":[15,59],"presenting":[16],"the":[17,29,45,52,61,86],"various":[18],"meanings":[19],"classical":[23],"thermodynamics":[24],"statical":[26],"mechanics,":[27],"Augustinian":[30],"Irenaean":[32],"theodicies,":[33],"several":[34],"similarities":[35],"dissimilarities":[37],"are":[42],"described.":[43],"Underlying":[44],"concepts":[46],"is":[51,68,73,78,96],"assumption":[53],"that":[54],"time":[55],"has":[56],"direction.":[58],"examining":[60],"scientific":[62],"basis":[63],"for":[64],"this":[65],"assumption,":[66],"it":[67],"hypothesized":[69],"that,":[70,93],"if":[71,94],"real":[74],"nature,":[76],"what":[79],"one":[80,104],"would":[81],"expect":[82,106],"to":[83,98,107],"find":[84,108],"at":[85],"level":[87],"physical":[89,100],"processes,":[90],"conversely":[92],"coupled":[97],"arrow":[101],"time,":[103],"could":[105],"dissipative":[109],"yet":[110],"catalytic":[111],"processes":[112],"history":[114],"religious":[116],"experience.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}