{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072153643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020003179","title":"Gender Differences on High School Science Achievement Tests: Do Format and Content Matter?","display_name":"Gender Differences on High School Science Achievement Tests: Do Format and Content Matter?","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072153643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020003179","mag":"2072153643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3102/01623737020003179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020003179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020003179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138127711","display_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","issn_l":"0162-3737","issn":["0162-3737","1935-1062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029315839","display_name":"Laura S. Hamilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3259-8046","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3259-8046"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laura S. Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["RAND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029315839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.8922,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9817789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"179","last_page":"179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.3345000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.3345000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.20509999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.1914999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-achievement","display_name":"science achievement","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nels-88","display_name":"NELS:88","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice-tests","display_name":"multiple-choice tests","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constructed-response-tests","display_name":"constructed-response tests","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exam-format","display_name":"test format","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-content","display_name":"visual content","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracurricular-activities","display_name":"extracurricular activities","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-validity","display_name":"measurement validity","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome-measures","display_name":"outcome measures","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.617374062538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5485100746154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.529630720615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81369262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6165531","display_name":"Achievement test","level":3,"score":0.4981820583343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.49772360920906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4746307134628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.4354560375213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41008061170578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2664029598236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.25099238753318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.22327002882957458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20040848851203918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13008350133895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12420418858528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12415111064910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08379185199737549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3102/01623737020003179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020003179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020003179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138127711","display_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","issn_l":"0162-3737","issn":["0162-3737","1935-1062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/1164491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1164491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1164491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138127711","display_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","issn_l":"0162-3737","issn":["0162-3737","1935-1062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.935.532","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.935.532","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://epa.sagepub.com/content/20/3/179.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W324188348","https://openalex.org/W326964320","https://openalex.org/W1743495032","https://openalex.org/W1771616203","https://openalex.org/W1970064097","https://openalex.org/W1976873131","https://openalex.org/W1983548778","https://openalex.org/W1986919156","https://openalex.org/W1987797700","https://openalex.org/W1990273024","https://openalex.org/W2002374079","https://openalex.org/W2011887874","https://openalex.org/W2013504870","https://openalex.org/W2019707755","https://openalex.org/W2032625211","https://openalex.org/W2047192291","https://openalex.org/W2048885360","https://openalex.org/W2055950790","https://openalex.org/W2059236258","https://openalex.org/W2060986647","https://openalex.org/W2078225201","https://openalex.org/W2084945517","https://openalex.org/W2087535504","https://openalex.org/W2095497073","https://openalex.org/W2098094960","https://openalex.org/W2102599543","https://openalex.org/W2115265604","https://openalex.org/W2116159486","https://openalex.org/W2116577120","https://openalex.org/W2130875390","https://openalex.org/W2135054838","https://openalex.org/W2151405544","https://openalex.org/W2152164226","https://openalex.org/W2165302123","https://openalex.org/W2168161824","https://openalex.org/W2170104643","https://openalex.org/W2332284340","https://openalex.org/W2769028958","https://openalex.org/W2795598039","https://openalex.org/W2905010601","https://openalex.org/W4236554388","https://openalex.org/W4249339966","https://openalex.org/W4255932678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099144983","https://openalex.org/W2077744106","https://openalex.org/W2795157632","https://openalex.org/W2552071454","https://openalex.org/W2407434133","https://openalex.org/W3162567570","https://openalex.org/W2168161824","https://openalex.org/W2010744454","https://openalex.org/W2301282718","https://openalex.org/W2052881605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gender":[0],"differences":[1,102],"on":[2,49,78,110],"the":[3,70,86,90,93,114,119],"NELS:88":[4,62],"multiple-choice":[5],"and":[6,18,24,32,47,75,96,103],"constructed-response":[7],"science":[8],"tests":[9],"were":[10,39],"explored":[11],"through":[12,55],"a":[13,36],"combination":[14],"of":[15,51,72,82,88,92,106,113],"statistical":[16],"analyses":[17],"interviews.":[19],"Performance":[20],"gaps":[21],"between":[22],"males":[23],"females":[25],"varied":[26],"across":[27,33],"formats":[28],"(multiple-choice":[29],"versus":[30],"constructed-response)":[31],"items":[34,42,115],"within":[35],"format.":[37],"Differences":[38],"largest":[40],"for":[41],"that":[43,98,116],"involved":[44],"visual":[45],"content":[46],"called":[48],"application":[50],"knowledge":[52],"commonly":[53],"acquired":[54],"extracurricular":[56],"activities.":[57],"Large-scale":[58],"surveys":[59],"such":[60],"as":[61],"are":[63],"widely":[64],"used":[65],"by":[66],"researchers":[67],"to":[68],"study":[69],"effects":[71],"various":[73],"student":[74],"school":[76],"characteristics":[77],"achievement.":[79],"The":[80],"results":[81],"this":[83],"investigation":[84],"reveal":[85],"value":[87],"studying":[89],"validity":[91],"outcome":[94],"measure":[95],"suggest":[97],"conclusions":[99],"about":[100,104],"group":[101],"correlates":[105],"achievement":[107],"depend":[108],"heavily":[109],"specific":[111],"features":[112],"make":[117],"up":[118],"test.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}