{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072063672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","title":"Evidence of an Interaction Involving Complexity and Coupling as Predicted by Normal Accident Theory","display_name":"Evidence of an Interaction Involving Complexity and Coupling as Predicted by Normal Accident Theory","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072063672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","mag":"2072063672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117541660","display_name":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management","issn_l":"0966-0879","issn":["0966-0879","1468-5973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082735062","display_name":"Frederick Wolf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60065076","display_name":"Pacific Lutheran University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vh5nd96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60065076"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frederick Wolf","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, USA. E-mail: wolffg@plu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, USA. E-mail: wolffg@plu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60065076"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048311948","display_name":"Paul D. Sampson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-4225","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-4225"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul Sampson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. E-mail: pds@stat.washington.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. E-mail: pds@stat.washington.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048311948","https://openalex.org/A5082735062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I60065076"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1049,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82914743,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"123","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.6929000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.6929000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.2410999983549118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10747","display_name":"Disaster Management and Resilience","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-accident-theory","display_name":"normal accident theory","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"coupling","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-refinery","display_name":"oil refinery","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazardous-chemical-releases","display_name":"hazardous chemical releases","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-safety","display_name":"industrial safety","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-sensemaking","display_name":"organizational sensemaking","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-firms","display_name":"manufacturing companies","score":0.7129999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780289543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424630","display_name":"Accident (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7680343985557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C855514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665869","display_name":"Interaction","level":2,"score":0.5172467827796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.46179676055908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20309002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12353044","display_name":"Oil refinery","level":2,"score":0.45780491828918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105168734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1867977","display_name":"Refinery","level":2,"score":0.4527932405471802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.43900102376937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126965237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816335","display_name":"Accidental","level":2,"score":0.4380570650100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43595921993255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4260023236274719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4135803282260895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.37307560443878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3440365791320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3418148159980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3193958103656769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3045738935470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2626532316207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.16850334405899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10938799381256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.10659953951835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117541660","display_name":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management","issn_l":"0966-0879","issn":["0966-0879","1468-5973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00514.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117541660","display_name":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management","issn_l":"0966-0879","issn":["0966-0879","1468-5973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2072063672.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2072063672.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191383808","https://openalex.org/W657706005","https://openalex.org/W1516603313","https://openalex.org/W1540810403","https://openalex.org/W1583966522","https://openalex.org/W1973628995","https://openalex.org/W1975836559","https://openalex.org/W2036417937","https://openalex.org/W2041280856","https://openalex.org/W2056946304","https://openalex.org/W2062701406","https://openalex.org/W2064292914","https://openalex.org/W2119244704","https://openalex.org/W2162067819","https://openalex.org/W2313546099","https://openalex.org/W2977605120","https://openalex.org/W3015463134","https://openalex.org/W3147429590","https://openalex.org/W4251800928","https://openalex.org/W4301861531","https://openalex.org/W4302853952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975836559","https://openalex.org/W2078832464","https://openalex.org/W4246382194","https://openalex.org/W4213318955","https://openalex.org/W3124711526","https://openalex.org/W7037493239","https://openalex.org/W7098465382","https://openalex.org/W2254125524","https://openalex.org/W2899290329","https://openalex.org/W7204075966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,83],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,86,117],"test":[4,59],"of":[5,9,20,34,63,72,112,120,125],"the":[6,18,44,48,61],"principle":[7],"hypothesis":[8,111],"Normal":[10,98,144],"Accident":[11,99,145],"Theory.":[12,100],"It":[13],"posits":[14],"and":[15,26,76,93,128],"tests":[16],"for":[17,140],"existence":[19],"an":[21,31,108],"interaction":[22,89,102,127],"involving":[23,90,143],"interactive":[24,91],"complexity":[25,92],"coupling":[27],"associated":[28],"with":[29,107],"in":[30,43,57],"important":[32,109],"class":[33],"manufacturing":[35],"organizations.":[36],"Ninety":[37],"four":[38],"(n=94)":[39],"petroleum":[40],"refineries":[41],"located":[42],"United":[45],"States":[46],"during":[47],"five\u2010year":[49],"period":[50],"1993\u201397":[51],"were":[52,78],"examined.":[53],"The":[54,101,123],"dependent":[55],"variable":[56],"this":[58,126],"was":[60],"ratio":[62],"Reportable":[64],"Quantity":[65],"accidental":[66],"hazardous":[67],"chemical":[68],"releases":[69],"per":[70],"unit":[71],"production.":[73],"Refinery":[74],"capacity":[75],"age":[77],"included":[79],"as":[80,95],"control":[81],"variables.":[82],"study":[84],"identified":[85],"statistically":[87],"significant":[88,118],"coupling,":[94],"predicted":[96],"by":[97],"appears":[103],"to":[104,132],"be":[105],"consistent":[106],"core":[110],"normal":[113],"accident":[114],"theory":[115],"over":[116],"portion":[119],"its":[121,129],"domain.":[122],"nature":[124],"potential":[130],"relevance":[131],"organizational":[133],"sense":[134],"making":[135],"is":[136],"discussed.":[137],"Additional":[138],"opportunities":[139],"quantitative":[141],"research":[142],"Theory":[146],"are":[147],"identified.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}