{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2071875928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/374412","title":"The Detectability of the First Stars and Their Cluster Enrichment Signatures","display_name":"The Detectability of the First Stars and Their Cluster Enrichment Signatures","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2071875928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/374412","mag":"2071875928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/374412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/374412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/374412","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/374412/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/374412/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028683533","display_name":"Evan S. Scannapieco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-1196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-1196"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799986158","display_name":"Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbze943","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799986158","https://openalex.org/I875825670"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan Scannapieco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799986158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Raffaella Schneider","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799986158","display_name":"Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbze943","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799986158","https://openalex.org/I875825670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108754","display_name":"Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi","ror":"https://ror.org/01qb1sw63","country_code":"IT","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raffaella Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy","\u201cEnrico Fermi\u201d Centre, Via Panisperna 89/A, I-00184 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799986158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u201cEnrico Fermi\u201d Centre, Via Panisperna 89/A, I-00184 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrea Ferrara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138549579","display_name":"Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati","ror":"https://ror.org/004fze387","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138549579"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Ferrara","raw_affiliation_strings":["SISSA/International School for Advanced Studies, Via Beirut 4, I-34014 Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SISSA/International School for Advanced Studies, Via Beirut 4, I-34014 Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138549579"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.2562,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":200,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98429759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"589","issue":"1","first_page":"35","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.012000000104308128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-iii-stars","display_name":"Population III stars","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detectability","display_name":"detectability","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-clusters","display_name":"galaxy clusters","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracluster-medium","display_name":"intracluster medium","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-enrichment","display_name":"metal enrichment","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initial-mass-function","display_name":"initial mass function","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-abundance","display_name":"iron abundance","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supernova-heating","display_name":"supernova heating","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation-efficiency","display_name":"star formation efficiency","score":0.5419999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9488000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.833299994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99465377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217030","display_name":"Metallicity","level":3,"score":0.7793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.7221999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.6262000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.5884000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.5654000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100893083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540949","display_name":"Intracluster medium","level":4,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189159749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194026","display_name":"Initial mass function","level":4,"score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48393594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168845","display_name":"Star cluster","level":3,"score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37119246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190438","display_name":"Dwarf galaxy","level":3,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165129702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180892","display_name":"Solar mass","level":3,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188195645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7601206","display_name":"Star count","level":5,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168589115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079618","display_name":"Stellar mass","level":4,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156055797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204107","display_name":"Galaxy cluster","level":3,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83160514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17512228","display_name":"Galaxy groups and clusters","level":4,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174802034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995140","display_name":"Galaxy formation and evolution","level":3,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17959413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899219","display_name":"Luminosity function","level":4,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113461152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11276","display_name":"Globular cluster","level":3,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86132830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308838","display_name":"Outflow","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/374412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/374412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/374412","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/374412/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/0301628","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0301628","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0301628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:603385","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/603385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/944068","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11573/944068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ricerca.sns.it:11384/6044","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11384/6044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050981","display_name":"Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0301628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0301628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0301628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/374412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/374412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/374412","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/374412/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2071875928.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2071875928.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61123194","https://openalex.org/W1492492071","https://openalex.org/W1494580376","https://openalex.org/W1494811994","https://openalex.org/W1507586867","https://openalex.org/W1568052909","https://openalex.org/W1569855038","https://openalex.org/W1576212544","https://openalex.org/W1651911013","https://openalex.org/W1703363126","https://openalex.org/W1821332899","https://openalex.org/W1965255686","https://openalex.org/W1971457441","https://openalex.org/W1973286782","https://openalex.org/W1973368884","https://openalex.org/W1977457396","https://openalex.org/W1978929968","https://openalex.org/W1979387394","https://openalex.org/W1979814600","https://openalex.org/W1983471014","https://openalex.org/W1984939732","https://openalex.org/W1986350100","https://openalex.org/W1988090704","https://openalex.org/W1991885929","https://openalex.org/W1994475187","https://openalex.org/W1995931476","https://openalex.org/W1997299253","https://openalex.org/W1997738987","https://openalex.org/W1998577648","https://openalex.org/W2002142654","https://openalex.org/W2003182532","https://openalex.org/W2003933447","https://openalex.org/W2005076932","https://openalex.org/W2012985407","https://openalex.org/W2014883405","https://openalex.org/W2016037596","https://openalex.org/W2019428480","https://openalex.org/W2019771205","https://openalex.org/W2019998521","https://openalex.org/W2024349663","https://openalex.org/W2026276820","https://openalex.org/W2029047760","https://openalex.org/W2029799079","https://openalex.org/W2032566911","https://openalex.org/W2034678204","https://openalex.org/W2041127769","https://openalex.org/W2042403088","https://openalex.org/W2043031264","https://openalex.org/W2043153949","https://openalex.org/W2043460526","https://openalex.org/W2045830033","https://openalex.org/W2046653437","https://openalex.org/W2047798125","https://openalex.org/W2048384237","https://openalex.org/W2050287260","https://openalex.org/W2058983697","https://openalex.org/W2061007181","https://openalex.org/W2061114957","https://openalex.org/W2061893237","https://openalex.org/W2062073902","https://openalex.org/W2071615312","https://openalex.org/W2075167988","https://openalex.org/W2075539342","https://openalex.org/W2078648729","https://openalex.org/W2079349557","https://openalex.org/W2081988715","https://openalex.org/W2084504151","https://openalex.org/W2084792832","https://openalex.org/W2086021971","https://openalex.org/W2087860870","https://openalex.org/W2090985798","https://openalex.org/W2099823767","https://openalex.org/W2108452590","https://openalex.org/W2110772748","https://openalex.org/W2111879776","https://openalex.org/W2113884520","https://openalex.org/W2114344218","https://openalex.org/W2122722331","https://openalex.org/W2127896663","https://openalex.org/W2128214170","https://openalex.org/W2129088598","https://openalex.org/W2145339943","https://openalex.org/W2150598036","https://openalex.org/W2152873992","https://openalex.org/W2153452182","https://openalex.org/W2168331876","https://openalex.org/W2169573117","https://openalex.org/W2252729082","https://openalex.org/W2949281702","https://openalex.org/W2949473086","https://openalex.org/W2952622465","https://openalex.org/W2953087527","https://openalex.org/W3103180123","https://openalex.org/W4237629461","https://openalex.org/W4244945807","https://openalex.org/W4297992799","https://openalex.org/W4298014859","https://openalex.org/W4299580120","https://openalex.org/W4302415021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095260493","https://openalex.org/W2908858422","https://openalex.org/W1786516248","https://openalex.org/W2054593718","https://openalex.org/W4360834373","https://openalex.org/W2010983020","https://openalex.org/W2107653111","https://openalex.org/W2972707763","https://openalex.org/W2618008884","https://openalex.org/W7036704855"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,58,244,294],"conduct":[1],"a":[2,105,152,190],"comprehensive":[3],"investigation":[4],"of":[5,8,25,64,93,99,107,115,120,124,131,139,147,154,162,203,223,249,253,263,278,306,359,370,374,384],"the":[6,9,20,61,76,91,97,113,121,125,128,145,155,175,208,221,241,246,275,287,307,311,334,352,356,363,371,382,385],"detectability":[7],"first":[10,386],"stars":[11,29,72,235,299,342],"and":[12,32,51,117,160,233,337,347],"their":[13,284,324],"enrichment":[14],"signatures":[15],"in":[16,174,218,260,291,310,355],"galaxy":[17,292],"clusters.":[18,293,361],"As":[19],"initial":[21],"mass":[22,182],"function":[23,106,153],"(IMF)":[24],"these":[26,49,71,250,341],"Population":[27,67,100,148,168,224,271,297],"III":[28,68,101,149,169,225,272,298],"is":[30,73,109],"unknown":[31],"likely":[33],"to":[34,37,54,172,187,237,282,329,344],"be":[35,173,389],"biased":[36],"high":[38],"masses,":[39],"we":[40,143,268],"base":[41],"our":[42,270],"study":[43,144,283],"on":[44,112,286],"analytical":[45],"models":[46,277,332],"that":[47,60,89,196,296],"parameterize":[48],"uncertainties":[50],"allow":[52],"us":[53],"make":[55],"general":[56],"statements.":[57],"show":[59],"mean":[62,122,209],"metallicity":[63,79,123,210],"outflows":[65],"from":[66],"objects":[69,102,150,170,387],"containing":[70],"well":[74,239],"above":[75],"critical":[77],"transition":[78],"(":[80],"Z":[81,86,132,212],"cr":[82,133,213],"~":[83,216,231],"10":[84,176],"-4":[85],"\u2609":[87,181,322],")":[88],"marks":[90],"formation":[92,157,227],"normal":[94],"stars.":[95],"Thus,":[96,381],"fraction":[98],"formed":[103],"as":[104,151],"redshift":[108],"heavily":[110],"dependent":[111],"distribution":[114],"metals":[116],"fairly":[118],"independent":[119],"universe,":[126],"or":[127],"precise":[129],"value":[130],".":[134],"Using":[135],"an":[136],"analytic":[137],"model":[138],"inhomogeneous":[140],"structure":[141],"formation,":[142],"evolution":[146],"star":[156,205,226],"efficiency,":[158],"IMF,":[159],"efficiency":[161],"outflow":[163],"generation.":[164],"For":[165],"all":[166,219],"models,":[167,220],"tend":[171,343],"6.5":[177],"-10":[178],"7.0":[179],"M":[180,321],"range,":[183],"just":[184],"large":[185],"enough":[186,195],"cool":[188],"within":[189],"Hubble":[191],"time,":[192],"but":[193,313],"small":[194],"they":[197,315],"are":[198],"not":[199],"clustered":[200],"near":[201],"areas":[202],"previous":[204],"formation.":[206],"Although":[207],"exceeds":[211],"at":[214,229],"z":[215,230],"15":[217],"peak":[222],"occurs":[228],"10,":[232],"such":[234],"continue":[236],"form":[238,316],"into":[240],"observable":[242],"range.":[243],"discuss":[245],"observational":[247],"properties":[248,383],"objects,":[251],"some":[252],"which":[254],"may":[255,388],"have":[256],"already":[257],"been":[258],"detected":[259],"ongoing":[261],"surveys":[262],"high-redshift":[264],"Ly\u03b1":[265],"emitters.":[266],"Finally,":[267],"combine":[269],"distributions":[273],"with":[274,317,333],"yield":[276],"Heger":[279],"&":[280],"Woosley":[281],"impact":[285],"intracluster":[288],"medium":[289],"(ICM)":[290],"find":[295],"can":[300,348],"contribute":[301],"no":[302],"more":[303],"than":[304],"20%":[305],"iron":[308],"observed":[309,335,372],"ICM,":[312],"if":[314],"characteristic":[318],"masses":[319],"~200-260":[320],",":[323],"peculiar":[325],"elemental":[326],"yields":[327],"help":[328],"reconcile":[330],"theoretical":[331],"Fe":[336],"Si/Fe":[338],"abundances.":[339],"However,":[340],"overproduce":[345],"S/Fe":[346],"account":[349],"only":[350],"for":[351],"O/Fe":[353],"ratio":[354],"inner":[357],"regions":[358],"poor":[360],"Additionally,":[362],"associated":[364],"supernova":[365],"heating":[366],"falls":[367],"far":[368],"short":[369],"level":[373],"~1":[375],"keV":[376],"per":[377],"ICM":[378],"gas":[379],"particle.":[380],"best":[390],"determined":[391],"by":[392],"direct":[393],"observation.":[394]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}