{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2071676401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9620.00244","title":"Who Values the GED? An Examination of the Paradox Underlying the Demand for the General Educational Development Credential","display_name":"Who Values the GED? An Examination of the Paradox Underlying the Demand for the General Educational Development Credential","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2071676401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9620.00244","mag":"2071676401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-9620.00244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9620.00244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9620.00244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032336172","display_name":"Thomas More Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6428-8777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6428-8777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032336172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98259376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"105","issue":"3","first_page":"375","last_page":"415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13532","display_name":"Education Systems and Policy","score":0.2957000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13532","display_name":"Education Systems and Policy","score":0.2957000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13929","display_name":"Educational Outcomes and Influences","score":0.2295999974012375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.07180000096559525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-returns-to-education","display_name":"economic returns to education","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-credentials","display_name":"educational credentials","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signaling-theory","display_name":"signaling theory","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-skills","display_name":"cognitive skills","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-dropout","display_name":"school dropout","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-opportunities","display_name":"educational opportunities","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiring-practices","display_name":"hiring practices","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-norms","display_name":"institutional norms","score":0.5529999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777810591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16861606","display_name":"Credential","level":2,"score":0.9746001958847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.7165209054946899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.6425325870513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.4627724885940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4373820424079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4335235357284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.42987245321273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36629658937454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.34407058358192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.32594555616378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2876044511795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2476210594177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.16367504000663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14633676409721375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-9620.00244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9620.00244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9620.00244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1177/016146810310500302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810310500302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810310500302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7519999742507935,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36608386","https://openalex.org/W47893944","https://openalex.org/W194881719","https://openalex.org/W265587539","https://openalex.org/W301940099","https://openalex.org/W311161072","https://openalex.org/W338813046","https://openalex.org/W654352922","https://openalex.org/W1502077089","https://openalex.org/W1503241358","https://openalex.org/W1516367440","https://openalex.org/W1517838787","https://openalex.org/W1519150230","https://openalex.org/W1531603365","https://openalex.org/W1568520049","https://openalex.org/W1577555036","https://openalex.org/W1581605711","https://openalex.org/W1964942722","https://openalex.org/W1982756201","https://openalex.org/W1983642261","https://openalex.org/W2040604502","https://openalex.org/W2051301876","https://openalex.org/W2052642125","https://openalex.org/W2071886222","https://openalex.org/W2073770180","https://openalex.org/W2074037558","https://openalex.org/W2115442698","https://openalex.org/W2115747715","https://openalex.org/W2141708772","https://openalex.org/W2316911657","https://openalex.org/W2488097703","https://openalex.org/W2557140131","https://openalex.org/W2728655883","https://openalex.org/W2800915262","https://openalex.org/W3121749185","https://openalex.org/W3122111427","https://openalex.org/W3124684532","https://openalex.org/W3128621251","https://openalex.org/W4242950150","https://openalex.org/W4290016560","https://openalex.org/W4301952529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2747641275","https://openalex.org/W97485106","https://openalex.org/W2480697100","https://openalex.org/W7096167337","https://openalex.org/W75033880","https://openalex.org/W2097362462","https://openalex.org/W7097360072","https://openalex.org/W7100354743","https://openalex.org/W2145358353","https://openalex.org/W2064671945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,151,224,244],"General":[1],"Educational":[2],"Development":[3],"(GED)":[4],"credential":[5,136,207],"is":[6,54,171,247],"the":[7,17,40,52,58,62,76,80,90,93,124,154,157,162,174,186,202,222,228,261,267,275],"most":[8,219],"widely":[9,55],"recognized":[10],"form":[11],"of":[12,35,61,68,89,107,118,126,146,156,176,192,204,214,254,256,263,284,286],"alternative":[13],"secondary":[14],"certification":[15,27,43],"in":[16,85,221],"United":[18],"States":[19],"today.":[20],"Unlike":[21],"other":[22,119],"educational":[23,138,276,287],"credentials,":[24],"however,":[25],"GED":[26,53,77,97,229,245],"does":[28],"not":[29,113],"require":[30],"school":[31,50,64,83,110,149],"attendance":[32],"or":[33],"mastery":[34],"any":[36],"specific":[37],"curriculum.":[38],"Although":[39],"requirements":[41],"for":[42,134,236,274],"are":[44,103],"notably":[45],"different":[46],"from":[47],"traditional":[48,81,108,147],"high":[49,63,82,109,148,241],"diplomas,":[51],"viewed":[56],"as":[57,159,161,189,231],"functional":[59],"equivalent":[60,78],"diploma.":[65],"While":[66],"surveys":[67],"employers":[69],"have":[70],"shown":[71],"that":[72,100,185,227],"they":[73],"generally":[74],"consider":[75],"to":[79,96,208,251,278,280],"diploma":[84],"hiring":[86],"decisions,":[87],"much":[88,114],"literature":[91,152],"on":[92,153],"economic":[94,140,166,178],"returns":[95,102,141],"attainment":[98],"indicate":[99],"these":[101],"significantly":[104],"below":[105],"those":[106,117,145,218],"graduates":[111],"and":[112,130,139,165,179],"higher":[115],"than":[116,144],"dropouts.":[120],"This":[121,182],"article":[122,183],"examines":[123],"paradox":[125],"strong":[127,131],"individual":[128],"demand":[129],"institutional":[132,215],"support":[133],"this":[135],"despite":[137],"markedly":[142],"lower":[143],"graduates.":[150],"history":[155],"GED,":[158],"well":[160],"cognitive,":[163],"educational,":[164],"outcomes":[167],"associated":[168],"with":[169,239],"it,":[170],"examined":[172],"through":[173],"lenses":[175],"several":[177],"sociological":[180],"paradigms.":[181],"suggests":[184,226],"GED's":[187],"potential":[188],"a":[190,193,205,232,237,248],"signal":[191,209],"recipient's":[194],"basic":[195],"cognitive":[196],"skills":[197],"may":[198],"be":[199],"negated":[200],"by":[201],"inability":[203],"test-based":[206],"at":[210,266],"least":[211],"minimal":[212],"internalization":[213],"norms,":[216],"particularly":[217],"valued":[220],"workplace.":[223],"analysis":[225],"serves":[230],"systemic":[233],"safety":[234],"valve":[235],"system":[238,277],"comparatively":[240],"dropout":[242],"rates.":[243],"program":[246],"low-cost":[249],"way":[250],"integrate":[252],"hundreds":[253],"thousands":[255],"off-track":[257],"individuals":[258],"back":[259],"into":[260],"mainstream":[262],"society,":[264],"while":[265],"same":[268],"time":[269],"providing":[270],"an":[271],"efficient":[272],"means":[273],"appear":[279],"meet":[281],"its":[282],"goals":[283],"equality":[285],"opportunity.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
