{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2071237400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:esokal>2.0.co;2","title":"Experimental study of knickpoint and longitudinal profile evolution in cohesive, homogeneous material","display_name":"Experimental study of knickpoint and longitudinal profile evolution in cohesive, homogeneous material","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2071237400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:esokal>2.0.co;2","mag":"2071237400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:esokal>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:esokal>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:esokal>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3271665","display_name":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","issn_l":"0016-7606","issn":["0016-7606","1943-2674"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319845","host_organization_name":"Geological Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319845"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Geological Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005821220","display_name":"Thomas W. Gardner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5112-5810","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5112-5810"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"THOMAS W. GARDNER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005821220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":396,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23499079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":"5","first_page":"664","last_page":"664"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10965","display_name":"Geological formations and processes","score":0.8647000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10965","display_name":"Geological formations and processes","score":0.8647000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.0786999985575676,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.01730000041425228,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-level-fall","display_name":"base-level fall","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-depth","display_name":"channel depth","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-velocity","display_name":"flow velocity","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bed-shear-stress","display_name":"bed shear stress","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bedrock-erosion","display_name":"bedrock erosion","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-incision","display_name":"channel incision","score":0.3160000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.6818753480911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.6701064705848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4658169746398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.43525442481040955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.38015538454055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32726484537124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11772644519805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.07974305748939514}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:esokal>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:esokal>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:esokal>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3271665","display_name":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","issn_l":"0016-7606","issn":["0016-7606","1943-2674"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319845","host_organization_name":"Geological Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319845"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Geological Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014755503","https://openalex.org/W7203583503","https://openalex.org/W1882131422","https://openalex.org/W4408444640","https://openalex.org/W2911743757","https://openalex.org/W7135192766","https://openalex.org/W2321937129","https://openalex.org/W2051278154","https://openalex.org/W2155880045","https://openalex.org/W7036182009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"Article|":[1],"May":[2],"01,":[3],"1983":[4],"Experimental":[5,119],"study":[6,120,186,300],"of":[7,24,53,66,81,121,178,241,253,291,323,359,364,412,421],"knickpoint":[8,122,187,213,217,243,248,260,264,276,336,392],"and":[9,46,123,188,206,226,245,270,325,353,380,401,417],"longitudinal":[10,124],"profile":[11,125],"evolution":[12,126,290,369],"in":[13,127,182,197,268,280,288,293,312,319,339,356],"cohesive,":[14,128],"homogeneous":[15,129,183,294,313],"material":[16],"THOMAS":[17,20,49,116],"W.":[18,21,50,117],"GARDNER":[19,22,51],"1Department":[23,52],"Geosciences,":[25,54],"The":[26,55],"Pennsylvania":[27,32,56,61],"State":[28,57],"University,":[29,58],"University":[30,59],"Park,":[31,60],"16802":[33,62],"Search":[34,113,154,161,172,174],"for":[35],"other":[36],"works":[37],"by":[38,194,373],"this":[39,299,451],"author":[40],"on:":[41],"GSW":[42],"Google":[43],"Scholar":[44],"Author":[45],"Article":[47,90],"Information":[48],"Publisher:":[63],"Geological":[64,79],"Society":[65,80],"America":[67,82],"First":[68,92,440],"Online:":[69,93],"01":[70,94],"Jun":[71,95],"2017":[72,96],"Online":[73],"ISSN:":[74,77],"1943-2674":[75],"Print":[76],"0016-7606":[78],"GSA":[83,131],"Bulletin":[84,132,171],"(1983)":[85],"94":[86,134],"(5):":[87,135],"664\u2013672.":[88,136],"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<664:ESOKAL>2.0.CO;2":[89,138],"history":[91],"Cite":[97],"View":[98],"This":[99,427],"Citation":[100,103,115],"Add":[101],"to":[102,185,406,424,438,450,455],"Manager":[104],"Share":[105,107],"Icon":[106],"Facebook":[108],"Twitter":[109],"LinkedIn":[110],"Email":[111],"Permissions":[112],"Site":[114],"GARDNER;":[118],"material.":[130],"1983;;":[133],"doi:":[137],"Download":[139],"citation":[140],"file:":[141],"Ris":[142],"(Zotero)":[143],"Refmanager":[144],"EasyBib":[145],"Bookends":[146],"Mendeley":[147],"Papers":[148],"EndNote":[149],"RefWorks":[150],"BibTex":[151],"toolbar":[152,157],"search":[153,158,159,167],"Dropdown":[155],"Menu":[156],"input":[160,162],"auto":[163],"suggest":[164],"filter":[165],"your":[166,456],"All":[168],"ContentBy":[169],"SocietyGSA":[170],"Advanced":[173],"Abstract":[175],"A":[176],"series":[177],"experiments":[179],"were":[180],"conducted":[181],"bedrock":[184,327,347,422],"longitudinal-profile":[189],"evolution.":[190],"Knickpoints":[191],"are":[192,235,384],"created":[193],"successive":[195],"drops":[196],"base":[198],"level,":[199],"which":[200,266,278],"simulate":[201],"intermittent":[202,316],"uplift.":[203],"Channel":[204],"morphology":[205],"flow":[207],"characteristics":[208],"vary":[209],"systematically":[210],"along":[211],"a":[212,232,285,345],"reach.":[214],"As":[215,231],"the":[216,239,259,263,275,289,302,330,335,343,365,387,391,413,435],"lip":[218],"is":[219,284,337,429],"approached,":[220],"width":[221],"decreases,":[222],"but":[223],"depth,":[224],"velocity,":[225],"bottom":[227,397],"shear":[228,398,403],"stress":[229,404],"increase.":[230],"result,":[233],"knickpoints":[234,292,305],"rapidly":[236],"destroyed":[237],"through":[238],"process":[240,287],"(1)":[242,394],"replacement":[244,251,283],"(2)":[246,410],"subsequent":[247],"inclination.":[249,381],"Knickpoint":[250,282],"consists":[252],"two":[254],"morphologically":[255],"distinct,":[256],"erosional":[257,331],"reaches:":[258],"face":[261],"below":[262],"lip,":[265,277],"decreases":[267],"slope,":[269,349],"an":[271],"incising":[272],"reach":[273],"above":[274,334],"increases":[279],"slope.":[281],"significant":[286],"bedrock.":[295],"Within":[296],"experimental":[297],"limits,":[298],"supports":[301],"notion":[303],"that":[304],"do":[306,446],"not":[307,447],"undergo":[308],"parallel":[309,377],"head-ward":[310],"retreat":[311],"bedrock,":[314],"given":[315],"uplift,":[317],"except":[318],"those":[320],"possible":[321],"cases":[322],"extensive":[324],"pervasive":[326],"jointing.":[328],"Only":[329],"sediment-transport":[332,367],"discontinuity":[333],"developed":[338],"cohesive":[340],"sediments.":[341],"Below":[342],"knickpoint,":[344],"steep,":[346],"channel":[348],"low":[350],"sediment":[351,360],"load,":[352],"rapid":[354],"decrease":[355],"grain":[357],"size":[358],"load":[361],"preclude":[362],"development":[363],"aggradational":[366],"discontinuity.Knickpoint":[368],"can":[370],"be":[371],"characterized":[372],"three":[374],"general":[375],"models:":[376],"retreat,":[378],"replacement,":[379],"These":[382],"models":[383],"based":[385],"on":[386,434],"following":[388],"criteria":[389],"within":[390],"reach:":[393],"relationship":[395],"between":[396],"stress,":[399],"\u03c40,":[400],"critical":[402],"needed":[405],"initiate":[407],"motion,":[408],"\u03c4c;":[409],"nature":[411],"bed-load":[414],"transport":[415],"discontinuities;":[416],"(3)":[418],"spatial":[419],"variability":[420],"resistance":[423],"fluvial":[425],"erosion.":[426],"content":[428],"PDF":[430,436],"only.":[431],"Please":[432],"click":[433],"icon":[437],"access.":[439,465],"Page":[441],"Preview":[442],"Close":[443],"Modal":[444],"You":[445],"have":[448,464],"access":[449],"content,":[452],"please":[453],"speak":[454],"institutional":[457],"administrator":[458],"if":[459],"you":[460,462],"feel":[461],"should":[463]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}