{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070960948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719810228407","title":"The empowerment squeeze \u2010 views from the middle management position","display_name":"The empowerment squeeze \u2010 views from the middle management position","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070960948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719810228407","mag":"2070960948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/02621719810228407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719810228407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719810228407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204305389","display_name":"Journal of Management Development","issn_l":"0262-1711","issn":["0262-1711","1758-7492"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068600045","display_name":"Jay Klagge","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176279760","display_name":"University of Phoenix","ror":"https://ror.org/01j0n2h15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176279760"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jay Klagge","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Phoenix, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Phoenix, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176279760"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068600045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176279760"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46789708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"8","first_page":"548","last_page":"558"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.8202999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.8202999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12815","display_name":"Management and Organizational Practices","score":0.12479999661445618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13449","display_name":"Organizational Management and Change","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empowerment","display_name":"empowerment","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-managers","display_name":"middle managers","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-training","display_name":"employee training","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coaching","display_name":"coaching","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-communication","display_name":"two-way communication","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-hierarchy","display_name":"organizational hierarchy","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-roles","display_name":"managerial roles","score":0.3799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.8757793307304382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160682292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q999897","display_name":"Middle management","level":2,"score":0.8311640620231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779363792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104185","display_name":"Coaching","level":2,"score":0.7383333444595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.575411856174469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5047377347946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46597906947135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4506632089614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3766840398311615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2638603448867798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.26289135217666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1289692521095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0815669596195221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.06546396017074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/02621719810228407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719810228407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719810228407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204305389","display_name":"Journal of Management Development","issn_l":"0262-1711","issn":["0262-1711","1758-7492"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523493410","https://openalex.org/W1972514544","https://openalex.org/W2024885152","https://openalex.org/W2045831180","https://openalex.org/W2080355610","https://openalex.org/W2118684240","https://openalex.org/W2157013866","https://openalex.org/W2337329735","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6732757817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2299155114","https://openalex.org/W7045848370","https://openalex.org/W2553750806","https://openalex.org/W4399332708","https://openalex.org/W2832569096","https://openalex.org/W1528779883","https://openalex.org/W2414505983","https://openalex.org/W3039426413","https://openalex.org/W4413451602","https://openalex.org/W571123104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Empowerment":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"added":[3],"to":[4,77,102,114,143],"the":[5,12,21,27,40,50,71,83,89,144],"long":[6],"list":[7],"of":[8,23,42,146],"environmental":[9],"hazards":[10],"facing":[11],"organizationally":[13],"endangered":[14],"species":[15],"known":[16],"as":[17,123,138],"\u201cmiddle":[18],"managers\u201d.":[19],"For":[20],"sake":[22],"balance":[24],"and":[25,57,61,63,96,107,118],"interest,":[26],"author":[28,68],"asked":[29],"middle":[30,43,112,136],"managers":[31,44,113,137],"for":[32,74,86,120,127],"their":[33,98],"views":[34,41],"regarding":[35],"empowerment.":[36,128,147],"This":[37],"article":[38,130],"presents":[39],"along":[45],"with":[46,70],"those":[47,75],"found":[48],"in":[49],"literature.":[51],"Definitions":[52],"are":[53,59,65,125],"set":[54,82],"forth,":[55],"pros":[56],"cons":[58],"covered,":[60],"dos":[62],"don\u2019ts":[64],"delineated.":[66],"The":[67,129],"closes":[69],"following":[72],"advice":[73],"seeking":[76],"implement":[78],"empowerment:":[79],"organizations":[80,93,108,133],"should":[81,94,109,134],"unifying":[84],"vision":[85],"empowerment":[87],"at":[88],"top":[90],"management":[91],"level;":[92],"train":[95],"develop":[97],"line":[99,121],"employees":[100,122],"prior":[101],"giving":[103],"them":[104],"full":[105],"empowerment;":[106],"rely":[110],"on":[111],"provide":[115],"two\u2010way":[116],"communication":[117],"coaching":[119],"they":[124],"trained":[126],"concludes":[131],"that":[132],"view":[135],"\u201cbridges\u201d":[139],"rather":[140],"than":[141],"\u201cblockages\u201d":[142],"implementation":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}