{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070367274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401","title":"Fabrication and Mechanical Characterisation of Titanium Lattices with Graded Porosity","display_name":"Fabrication and Mechanical Characterisation of Titanium Lattices with Graded Porosity","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070367274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401","mag":"2070367274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/met4030401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/4/3/401/pdf?version=1409565691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/4/3/401/pdf?version=1409565691","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071582916","display_name":"William van Grunsven","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Van Grunsven","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090666381","display_name":"Everth Hern\u00e1ndez-Nava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-3313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-3313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Everth Hernandez-Nava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105979536","display_name":"Gwendolen Clair Reilly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-1071","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-1071"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147861","display_name":"Insigneo","ror":"https://ror.org/04ve58z79","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gwendolen Reilly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK","Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147861","https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033318685","display_name":"Russell Goodall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-9694","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-9694"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Russell Goodall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033318685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":10.9439,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98591986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"401","last_page":"409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10707","display_name":"Cellular and Composite Structures","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10707","display_name":"Cellular and Composite Structures","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11442","display_name":"Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graded-porosity","display_name":"graded porosity","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ti-6al-4v","display_name":"Ti-6Al-4V","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-beam-melting","display_name":"electron beam melting","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diamond-structure","display_name":"diamond lattice","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uniaxial-compression","display_name":"uniaxial compression","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-mixtures","display_name":"rule of mixtures","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-manufacturing","display_name":"additive manufacturing","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthopedic-implants","display_name":"orthopedic implants","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micro-computed-tomography","display_name":"micro-computed tomography","score":0.7129999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.8167130947113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7596550583839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.7319913506507874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153015087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905169","display_name":"Diamond cubic","level":3,"score":0.6506246328353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8953137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3300719","display_name":"Titanium alloy","level":3,"score":0.6107521057128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.5976195335388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.5551961660385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506065880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716","display_name":"Titanium","level":2,"score":0.5392758846282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.47644737362861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776921476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283","display_name":"Diamond","level":2,"score":0.40630194544792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.1592702865600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37756","display_name":"Alloy","level":2,"score":0.09751638770103455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/met4030401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/4/3/401/pdf?version=1409565691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:98359","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/98359/1/van%20grunsven_metals-04-00401.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/98359/1/van%20grunsven_metals-04-00401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.649.205","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.649.205","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/4/3/401/metals-04-00401-pdf-vor.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e50ff41502d4e059ffcc38b631f0d56","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e50ff41502d4e059ffcc38b631f0d56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Metals, Vol 4, Iss 3, Pp 401-409 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/met4030401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/4/3/401/pdf?version=1409565691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2070367274.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2070367274.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003616665","https://openalex.org/W2010927718","https://openalex.org/W2012111167","https://openalex.org/W2012115820","https://openalex.org/W2022501408","https://openalex.org/W2027414797","https://openalex.org/W2029826026","https://openalex.org/W2035452952","https://openalex.org/W2036792534","https://openalex.org/W2039697374","https://openalex.org/W2053151831","https://openalex.org/W2064515075","https://openalex.org/W2082888867","https://openalex.org/W2103569198","https://openalex.org/W2108944356","https://openalex.org/W2118186178","https://openalex.org/W2143294762","https://openalex.org/W2148916382","https://openalex.org/W2159210886","https://openalex.org/W4230902730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2298296069","https://openalex.org/W3000032910","https://openalex.org/W7134176482","https://openalex.org/W6887933616","https://openalex.org/W2922022899","https://openalex.org/W4297215755","https://openalex.org/W2969918532","https://openalex.org/W2808560690","https://openalex.org/W3034955478","https://openalex.org/W3166461545"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electron":[0,60],"Beam":[1],"Melting":[2],"(EBM)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5],"Additive":[6],"Manufacturing":[7],"technique":[8],"which":[9],"can":[10,112],"be":[11,113],"used":[12],"to":[13,115],"fabricate":[14],"complex":[15],"structures":[16],"from":[17],"alloys":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20],"Ti6Al4V,":[21],"for":[22,24,34],"example":[23],"orthopaedic":[25],"applications.":[26],"Here":[27],"we":[28],"describe":[29],"the":[30,35,54,72,76,84,91,96,108,126,129],"use":[31],"of":[32,37,42,75,95,110,122,131],"EBM":[33,70],"fabrication":[36],"a":[38,43,119],"novel":[39],"Ti6Al4V":[40],"structure":[41],"regular":[44],"diamond":[45],"lattice":[46,77,86,97],"incorporating":[47],"graded":[48],"porosity,":[49],"achieved":[50],"via":[51],"changes":[52],"in":[53,98],"strut":[55,82],"cross":[56],"section":[57],"thickness.":[58],"Scanning":[59],"Microscopy":[61],"and":[62,128],"micro":[63],"computed":[64],"tomography":[65],"analysis":[66],"confirmed":[67],"that":[68,102],"generally":[69],"reproduced":[71],"CAD":[73],"design":[74],"well,":[78],"although":[79],"at":[80],"smaller":[81],"sizes":[83],"fabricated":[85],"produced":[87],"thicker":[88],"struts":[89],"than":[90],"model.":[92],"Mechanical":[93],"characterisation":[94],"uniaxial":[99],"compression":[100,106],"showed":[101],"its":[103,132],"behaviour":[104,130],"under":[105],"along":[107],"direction":[109],"gradation":[111],"predicted":[114],"good":[116],"accuracy":[117],"with":[118],"simple":[120],"rule":[121],"mixtures":[123],"approach,":[124],"knowing":[125],"properties":[127],"constituent":[133],"layers.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}