{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2069860800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp028","title":"Universality of International Law from the Perspective of a Practitioner","display_name":"Universality of International Law from the Perspective of a Practitioner","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2069860800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp028","mag":"2069860800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ejil/chp028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp028","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-pdf/20/2/265/1348719/chp028.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175405714","display_name":"European Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0938-5428","issn":["0938-5428","1464-3596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-pdf/20/2/265/1348719/chp028.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072061311","display_name":"Bruno Simma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B. Simma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Judge at the International Court of Justice. This article was originally presented as the Keynote Speech at the opening session of the Biennial Conference of the European Society of International Law in Heidelberg on 4 September 2008"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Judge at the International Court of Justice. This article was originally presented as the Keynote Speech at the opening session of the Biennial Conference of the European Society of International Law in Heidelberg on 4 September 2008","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072061311"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2919,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3849},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":46.1308,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":172,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99692134,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"265","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14012","display_name":"Comparative and International Law Studies","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14268","display_name":"Evolving Legal Systems and Governance","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universality-of-international-law","display_name":"universality of international law","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragmentation-of-international-law","display_name":"fragmentation of international law","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-hegemony","display_name":"institutional hegemony","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutionalization","display_name":"constitutionalization","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-courts","display_name":"international courts","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-institutions","display_name":"international institutions","score":0.5960000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183992945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495574","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","level":2,"score":0.8295449018478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.6679271459579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5400098562240601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.47075560688972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42807066440582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4190395474433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16724151372909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ejil/chp028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp028","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-pdf/20/2/265/1348719/chp028.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175405714","display_name":"European Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0938-5428","issn":["0938-5428","1464-3596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ejil/chp028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp028","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-pdf/20/2/265/1348719/chp028.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175405714","display_name":"European Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0938-5428","issn":["0938-5428","1464-3596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2069860800.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2069860800.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59843308","https://openalex.org/W2046347855","https://openalex.org/W2122219359","https://openalex.org/W2504398304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2307381724","https://openalex.org/W2436009820","https://openalex.org/W7015915688","https://openalex.org/W4253352096","https://openalex.org/W2977057083","https://openalex.org/W7217853176","https://openalex.org/W2484099383","https://openalex.org/W1674655775","https://openalex.org/W7223140494","https://openalex.org/W4248745429"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,26,109,211],"ESIL":[1],"Conference":[2],"at":[3,202],"which":[4,94,148],"this":[5,174],"article":[6,27,83,110,212],"was":[7,14],"originally":[8],"presented":[9],"as":[10,41,43,160],"the":[11,17,36,44,72,82,96,121,132,164,177,184,203,234,242,248,260,283,312,319,324,339,342],"Keynote":[12],"Speech":[13],"devoted":[15],"to":[16,29,54,80,162,274,337],"topic":[18],"of":[19,38,60,70,75,98,106,115,124,146,167,186,206,236,244,259,268,278,286,292,309,314,321,326,345],"\u201cInternational":[20],"Law":[21],"in":[22,153,170],"a":[23,112,144,224,265,276,307,322],"Heterogeneous":[24],"World\u201d.":[25],"attempts":[28],"demonstrate":[30],"that":[31,214],"heterogeneity":[32],"does":[33],"not":[34,218],"exclude":[35],"universality":[37,125,325],"international":[39,76,86,92,107,155,168,187,209,220,245,254,269,295,327],"law,":[40],"long":[42],"law":[45,77,221,328,340],"retains":[46],"\u2013":[47,51],"and":[48,91,102,118,189,226,331],"further":[49],"develops":[50],"its":[52],"capacity":[53],"accommodate":[55],"an":[56],"ever":[57],"larger":[58],"measure":[59],"such":[61,300],"heterogeneity.":[62],"After":[63],"developing":[64],"three":[65],"different":[66,122],"conceptions,":[67],"or":[68],"levels,":[69],"what":[71,181],"term":[73],"\u2018universality\u2019":[74],"is":[78,182,329,334],"intended":[79],"capture,":[81],"focuses":[84],"on":[85,250,311],"rules,":[87],"(particularly":[88],"judicial)":[89],"mechanisms,":[90],"institutions":[93],"serve":[95],"purpose":[97],"reconciling":[99],"heterogeneous":[100],"values":[101],"expectations":[103],"by":[104,126,136,180,197,306],"means":[105,119],"law.":[108,270],"links":[111],"critical":[113],"evaluation":[114],"these":[116,137,215],"ways":[117],"with":[120,131,173,282],"notions":[123],"inquiring":[127],"how":[128],"they":[129,262],"cope":[130],"principal":[133],"challenges":[134,161,178,216],"faced":[135,196],"notions.":[138],"In":[139],"so":[140],"doing,":[141],"it":[142],"engages":[143],"number":[145],"topics":[147],"have":[149,217,272],"become":[150],"immensely":[151],"popular":[152],"contemporary":[154],"legal":[156,229],"writing,":[157],"here":[158],"conceived":[159],"universality:":[163],"so-called":[165],"\u2018fragmentation\u2019":[166],"law;":[169],"close":[171],"connection":[172],"first":[175],"buzzword":[176],"posed":[179],"called":[183],"\u2018proliferation\u2019":[185,243],"courts":[188,296],"tribunals;":[190],"and,":[191],"finally,":[192],"certain":[193],"recent":[194],"problems":[195],"individuals":[198],"who":[199],"find":[200],"themselves":[201],"fault":[204],"lines":[205],"emerging":[207],"multi-level":[208],"governance.":[210],"concludes":[213],"prevented":[219],"from":[222,318],"forming":[223],"(by":[225],"large":[227],"coherent)":[228],"system.":[230],"Most":[231],"concerns":[232],"about":[233],"dangers":[235],"fragmentation":[237,251],"appear":[238],"overstated.":[239],"As":[240],"for":[241,264,280,297],"judicial":[246],"institutions,":[247],"debate":[249],"has":[252,302],"made":[253],"judges":[255],"even":[256],"more":[257],"aware":[258],"responsibility":[261,310],"bear":[263],"coherent":[266],"construction":[267],"They":[271],"managed":[273],"develop":[275],"set":[277],"tools":[279],"coping":[281],"undesirable":[284],"results":[285],"both":[287],"phenomena.":[288],"Despite":[289],"some":[290],"evidence":[291],"competition":[293,301],"among":[294],"\u2018institutional":[298],"hegemony\u2019,":[299],"hitherto":[303],"been":[304],"marked":[305],"sense":[308],"part":[313],"all":[315],"concerned.":[316],"Thus,":[317],"viewpoint":[320],"practitioner,":[323],"alive":[330],"well;":[332],"there":[333],"no":[335],"need":[336],"force":[338],"into":[341],"Procrustean":[343],"bed":[344],"\u2018constitutionalization\u2019.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
