{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2069735300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/004)","title":"Surface Forms and Grammatical Functions","display_name":"Surface Forms and Grammatical Functions","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2069735300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/004)","mag":"2069735300","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12647887"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2003/004)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/004)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/004)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110744938","display_name":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research","issn_l":"1092-4388","issn":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320281","host_organization_name":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320281"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077805317","display_name":"Laurence B. Leonard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9189-4438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9189-4438"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurence B. Leonard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008566467","display_name":"Patricia Deevy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Deevy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072107775","display_name":"Carol Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-9531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-9531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol A. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030377482","display_name":"Leila Rauf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leila Rauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086196280","display_name":"Monique Charest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0678-6249","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0678-6249"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monique Charest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robert Kurtz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Kurtz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95492781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-language-impairment","display_name":"specific language impairment","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verb-morphology","display_name":"verb morphology","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-function","display_name":"grammatical function","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-properties","display_name":"surface properties","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-length-of-utterance","display_name":"mean length of utterance","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-language-development","display_name":"children's language development","score":0.5649999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779120887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q814722","display_name":"Participle","level":3,"score":0.9574325084686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777395276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775593","display_name":"Specific language impairment","level":2,"score":0.8134750127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95975521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803628","display_name":"Mean length of utterance","level":3,"score":0.7425650358200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776626494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1994301","display_name":"Past tense","level":3,"score":0.5736135244369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776397901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24905","display_name":"Verb","level":2,"score":0.5626656413078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C986699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o","level":2,"score":0.5387111902236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020552372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079090","display_name":"Typically developing","level":3,"score":0.4860420823097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779985889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058691","display_name":"Communication disorder","level":4,"score":0.4547322690486908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44019970297813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777102477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10469820","display_name":"Language disorder","level":3,"score":0.4171365201473236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.34277456998825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.33051466941833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.29695162177085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.294279545545578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778073708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330667","display_name":"Language development","level":2,"score":0.29302603006362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.17088180780410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.07329204678535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007806","descriptor_name":"Language Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007807","descriptor_name":"Language Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012720","descriptor_name":"Severity of Illness Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2003/004)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/004)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/004)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110744938","display_name":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research","issn_l":"1092-4388","issn":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320281","host_organization_name":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320281"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12647887","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12647887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G136599620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-00458","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332505","funder_display_name":"U.S. Public Health Service"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332505","display_name":"U.S. Public Health Service","ror":"https://ror.org/05xf94514"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhx6838"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101528803","https://openalex.org/W649404186","https://openalex.org/W1503204927","https://openalex.org/W1546462669","https://openalex.org/W1595972337","https://openalex.org/W1608893617","https://openalex.org/W1986469334","https://openalex.org/W1989475743","https://openalex.org/W1991925500","https://openalex.org/W1997134000","https://openalex.org/W1999299772","https://openalex.org/W2000361683","https://openalex.org/W2000816752","https://openalex.org/W2002308484","https://openalex.org/W2004003619","https://openalex.org/W2006311614","https://openalex.org/W2016434864","https://openalex.org/W2018299191","https://openalex.org/W2020064534","https://openalex.org/W2021988642","https://openalex.org/W2022317508","https://openalex.org/W2022900145","https://openalex.org/W2058565724","https://openalex.org/W2058592223","https://openalex.org/W2061124480","https://openalex.org/W2063303530","https://openalex.org/W2067319141","https://openalex.org/W2089770625","https://openalex.org/W2094249282","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2134379035","https://openalex.org/W2153708500","https://openalex.org/W2200505383","https://openalex.org/W2328091329","https://openalex.org/W2484680968","https://openalex.org/W2902956141","https://openalex.org/W2990967331","https://openalex.org/W4233548023","https://openalex.org/W4245991804","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143202294","https://openalex.org/W2026410875","https://openalex.org/W1988632214","https://openalex.org/W2140551030","https://openalex.org/W1984263545","https://openalex.org/W1565727673","https://openalex.org/W2137010202","https://openalex.org/W1964616202","https://openalex.org/W2588903668","https://openalex.org/W2000361683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Children":[0],"with":[1,55,74,100,105,110,138,146],"specific":[2],"language":[3],"impairment":[4],"(SLI)":[5],"use":[6,30],"past":[7,48,78,106,130],"tense":[8,49,79,107,131],"-ed":[9,34,50,80,84,108,124,132,159,167],"in":[10,37,53,85,155,184],"fewer":[11,86],"obligatory":[12,87],"contexts":[13,88],"than":[14,89,109,151],"younger":[15],"normally":[16,57,65],"developing":[17,58,66],"children":[18,54,59,67,73,99,137,145,154,178],"matched":[19,60,68],"for":[20,61,69,128,170],"mean":[21],"length":[22],"of":[23,31,116,123,166,173,187],"utterance":[24],"(MLU).":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"study,":[28],"the":[29,43,91,94,98,120,129,136,141,144,152,163,174,185],"passive":[32,82,111,157],"participle":[33,83,112,158],"(e.g.,":[35],"kissed":[36,41],"The":[38,72,114],"frog":[39],"got":[40],"by":[42,135],"kitty)":[44],"as":[45,47],"well":[46],"was":[51],"examined":[52],"SLI,":[56],"age":[62],"(ND-A),":[63],"and":[64,81,93],"MLU":[70],"(ND-MLU).":[71],"SLI":[75,101,147],"used":[76],"both":[77],"bath":[90],"ND-A":[92],"ND-MLU":[95,153],"children.":[96],"Only":[97],"had":[102],"greater":[103],"difficulty":[104,133,175],"-ed.":[113],"pattern":[115],"findings":[117],"indicates":[118],"that":[119,143,161],"surface":[121,164],"properties":[122,165],"cannot":[125],"adequately":[126],"account":[127],"shown":[134],"SLI.":[139],"However,":[140],"fact":[142],"were":[148],"less":[149],"consistant":[150],"using":[156],"suggests":[160],"either":[162],"are":[168],"responsible":[169],"a":[171,180],"portion":[172],"or":[176],"these":[177],"have":[179],"separate,":[181],"non-tense-related":[182],"deficit":[183],"area":[186],"verb":[188],"morphology.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
