{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2069570643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1990.0028","title":"\"The Doom of Slavery\": Ulysses S. Grant, War Aims, and Emancipation, 1861-1863","display_name":"\"The Doom of Slavery\": Ulysses S. Grant, War Aims, and Emancipation, 1861-1863","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2069570643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1990.0028","mag":"2069570643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/cwh.1990.0028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1990.0028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1990.0028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42018803","display_name":"Civil War history","issn_l":"0009-8078","issn":["0009-8078","1533-6271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315744","host_organization_name":"Kent State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kent State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Civil War History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016035417","display_name":"Brooks Donohue Simpson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brooks D. Simpson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrative Sciences and Arts, College of (CISA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrative Sciences and Arts, College of (CISA)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016035417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22716535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"1","first_page":"36","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.8125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.8125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.08659999817609787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14190","display_name":"Military history and social perspectives","score":0.07590000331401825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ulysses-s-grant","display_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emancipation","display_name":"emancipation","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-aims","display_name":"war aims","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-civil-war","display_name":"American Civil War","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preservation-of-the-union","display_name":"Union preservation","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-war","display_name":"total war","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abolition-of-slavery","display_name":"abolition of slavery","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-soldiers","display_name":"African American soldiers","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery","display_name":"slavery","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconstruction-era","display_name":"Reconstruction","score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emancipation-proclamation","display_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abolitionism","display_name":"abolitionism","score":0.3179999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781153986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380351","display_name":"Emancipation","level":3,"score":0.8822591304779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.6317819952964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50000","display_name":"Victory","level":3,"score":0.6163081526756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.6130105257034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5601276755332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.49882054328918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4919881522655487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.44934380054473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3896767199039459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.35739731788635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.34609806537628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.27883559465408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/cwh.1990.0028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1990.0028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1990.0028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42018803","display_name":"Civil War history","issn_l":"0009-8078","issn":["0009-8078","1533-6271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315744","host_organization_name":"Kent State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kent State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Civil War History","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/420536","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/420536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496011033","https://openalex.org/W1522512523","https://openalex.org/W1971237078","https://openalex.org/W1988036163","https://openalex.org/W1991470047","https://openalex.org/W1991558420","https://openalex.org/W1993535219","https://openalex.org/W2030246935","https://openalex.org/W2046868512","https://openalex.org/W2102993111","https://openalex.org/W2151252992","https://openalex.org/W2317587014","https://openalex.org/W2321113359","https://openalex.org/W2797342798"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412031572","https://openalex.org/W4410714281","https://openalex.org/W4410714313","https://openalex.org/W2972818533","https://openalex.org/W4412031512","https://openalex.org/W4240596138","https://openalex.org/W4408323080","https://openalex.org/W3136980593","https://openalex.org/W377407286","https://openalex.org/W2076415778"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\"The":[0,449],"Doom":[1],"of":[2,45,64,77,86,94,107,145,154,191,200,206,212,227,233,249,260,359,363,407,412,426,443,485,501,521,526,532,550,570,681,686],"Slavery\":":[3],"Ulysses":[4,18],"S.":[5,19],"Grant,":[6],"War":[7,343],"Aims,":[8],"and":[9,83,134,162,209,243,277,322,329,331,335,366,651,667],"Emancipation,":[10],"1861-1863":[11],"Brooks":[12],"D.":[13],"Simpson":[14],"Like":[15],"many":[16],"Northerners,":[17],"Grant":[20,52,120,221,402,556],"went":[21],"to":[22,26,54,59,70,100,114,151,172,215,254,257,300,305,458,470,480,495,634,648,673],"war":[23,58,81,157,202,213,408,490],"in":[24,88,265,394,409,572,594,603,641,658,664],"1861":[25,119,413],"save":[27,176],"the":[28,61,75,84,89,105,123,152,177,195,198,201,204,210,225,228,231,238,258,294,301,307,352,369,377,405,410,419,424,441,461,475,486,499,530,548,551,567,615,617,622,625,656,662,682],"Union\u2014and":[29],"nothing":[30],"more\u2014in":[31],"what":[32,582],"he":[33,244,267,278,296,367,371,445,575,598],"predicted":[34,599],"would":[35,414,491,515,587,620,676],"be":[36,509,516,629,655,677],"a":[37,49,57,80,116,131,146,155,186,261,280,283,311,374,379,387,519,524,536,560,600,604,632,665,679],"short":[38,284,607],"conflict.":[39],"By":[40,139],"1863,":[41],"after":[42],"two":[43],"years":[44],"bloody":[46],"struggle":[47],"against":[48,159,293,661],"stubborn":[50],"enemy,":[51],"came":[53],"understand":[55],"that":[56,67,71,122,223,404,505,558,577,643],"preserve":[60],"Union":[62,98,124,178,533],"must":[63,180],"necessity":[65],"transform":[66],"Union.":[68],"Central":[69],"revolutionary":[72],"transformation":[73,211],"was":[74,137,230,241,279,563,672],"acceptance":[76],"emancipation":[78],"as":[79,164,166,185,430,518,678],"aim":[82],"enrollment":[85],"ex-slaves":[87],"bluecoat":[90],"ranks.":[91],"The":[92,302,483],"intensity":[93],"Confederate":[95],"resistance":[96],"compelled":[97],"commanders":[99],"accept":[101],"this":[102,192,436],"notion,":[103],"while":[104],"influx":[106],"black":[108],"refugees":[109],"into":[110],"Yankee":[111],"camps":[112],"helped":[113],"force":[115],"decision.":[117],"In":[118],"believed":[121,557],"should":[125],"keep":[126],"hands":[127],"off":[128],"slavery":[129,671],"if":[130,578],"quick":[132,537],"peace":[133],"rapid":[135,561],"reconciliation":[136],"desired.":[138],"1863":[140],"circumstances":[141],"had":[142,584],"changed.":[143],"Notions":[144],"limited":[147],"conflict":[148,552,605],"gave":[149],"way":[150],"concept":[153],"total":[156],"waged":[158],"Southern":[160,207,487],"resources":[161],"morale":[163],"well":[165],"manpower.":[167],"New":[168],"means":[169],"were":[170,422],"needed":[171],"attain":[173],"victory.":[174],"To":[175],"one":[179],"destroy":[181],"slavery.":[182,234,554],"Grant's":[183],"experiences":[184],"field":[187],"commander":[188],"are":[189],"illustrative":[190],"process,":[193],"suggesting":[194],"interaction":[196],"between":[197],"progress":[199],"effort,":[203],"escalation":[205],"resistance,":[208],"aims":[214],"encompass":[216],"emancipation.":[217],"From":[218],"war's":[219],"beginning":[220],"realized":[222],"at":[224,373,592],"core":[226],"dispute":[229],"institution":[232,240],"His":[235],"position":[236],"on":[237],"peculiar":[239],"ambiguous,":[242],"left":[245],"no":[246,392,417,644],"detailed":[247],"explanation":[248],"his":[250,271,364,447],"feelings":[251],"for":[252,282,326,339,467,631],"historians":[253],"examine.":[255],"Marriage":[256],"daughter":[259],"slaveholder":[262,281],"entangled":[263],"him":[264,290],"slavery:":[266],"worked":[268],"alongside":[269],"slaves,":[270],"wife":[272],"owned":[273,372],"four":[274],"house":[275],"servants,":[276],"period.":[285],"Yet":[286],"family":[287],"slaves":[288,502],"heard":[289],"speak":[291],"out":[292],"institution,":[295],"did":[297],"not":[298,452,684],"succumb":[299],"author":[303],"wishes":[304],"acknowledge":[306],"assistance":[308],"provided":[309],"by":[310,351,489,566,614],"research":[312],"grant":[313],"from":[314],"Wofford":[315],"College.":[316],"He":[317,390],"thanks":[318],"Richard":[319],"H.":[320],"Sewell":[321],"Allan":[323],"G.":[324],"Bogue":[325],"their":[327,340,427,481,590,652,659],"advice":[328],"counsel":[330],"John":[332],"Y.":[333],"Simon":[334],"David":[336],"L.":[337],"Wilson":[338],"encouragement.":[341],"Civil":[342],"History,":[344],"Vol.":[345],"XXXVI,":[346],"No.":[347],"1,":[348],"\u00b0":[349],"1990":[350],"Kent":[353],"State":[354],"University":[355],"Press":[356],"\"the":[357],"doom":[358,442],"slavery\"37":[360],"blatant":[361],"prejudices":[362],"age,":[365],"freed":[368],"slave":[370],"time":[375,469],"when":[376],"money":[378],"sale":[380],"might":[381,546],"have":[382,385],"brought":[383],"could":[384,543],"been":[386],"great":[388],"boon.":[389],"showed":[391],"interest":[393],"protecting":[395],"slavery,":[396,416],"let":[397],"alone":[398],"perpetuating":[399],"it.1":[400],"Moreover,":[401],"understood":[403],"advent":[406],"spring":[411],"affect":[415],"matter":[418],"outcome.":[420],"Southerners":[421,579],"risking":[423],"foundation":[425],"society":[428],"even":[429],"they":[431,456,464,506,583],"defended":[432],"it.":[433],"\"In":[434],"all":[435,468],"I":[437],"can":[438],"but":[439],"see":[440],"Slavery,\"":[444],"told":[446],"father-in-law.":[448],"North":[450,616],"do":[451],"want,":[453,457],"nor":[454],"will":[455,465,507,627,637,646,654],"interfere":[459],"with":[460],"institution.":[462],"But":[463],"refuse":[466],"give":[471],"it":[472,493,675],"protection":[473],"unless":[474],"South":[476],"shall":[477],"return":[478],"soon":[479],"allegiance.\"":[482],"disruption":[484],"economy":[488],"render":[492],"vulnerable":[494],"international":[496],"competition,":[497],"reducing":[498],"worth":[500,510],"\"so":[503],"much":[504],"never":[508],"fighting":[511],"over":[512],"again.\"":[513],"Slavery":[514],"destroyed":[517],"consequence":[520],"prolonged":[522],"conflict,":[523,683],"casualty":[525],"events":[527],"rather":[528],"than":[529],"target":[531],"policy.2":[534],"Nevertheless,":[535],"Northern":[538,601],"victory,":[539],"achieved":[540],"before":[541],"hatred":[542],"become":[544],"deep-seated,":[545],"minimize":[547],"impact":[549],"upon":[553],"And":[555],"such":[559],"triumph":[562,602],"possible.":[564],"Startled":[565],"vigorous":[568],"reaction":[569],"Northerners":[571],"Sumter's":[573],"aftermath,":[574],"ventured":[576],"ever":[580],"discovered":[581],"wrought,":[585],"\"they":[586],"lay":[588],"down":[589],"arms":[591],"once":[593],"humble":[595],"submission.\"":[596],"Confidently":[597],"\"of":[606],"duration.\"":[608],"With":[609],"\"a":[610],"few":[611],"decisive":[612],"victories\"":[613],"\"howling\"":[618],"Confederates":[619],"flee":[621],"field.":[623],"\"All":[624],"states":[626],"then":[628],"loyal":[630],"generation":[633],"come,":[635],"negroes":[636],"depreciate":[638],"so":[639],"rapidly":[640],"value":[642],"body":[645],"want":[647],"own":[649],"them":[650],"masters":[653],"loudest":[657],"declamations":[660],"institutions":[663],"political":[666],"economic":[668],"view.\"":[669],"If":[670],"suffer,":[674],"byproduct":[680],"because":[685],"deliberate...":[687]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-23T05:00:35.095934","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
