{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2069273613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3096871","title":"Race, Income, and Authority at Work: A Cross-Temporal Analysis of Black and White Men (1972-1994)","display_name":"Race, Income, and Authority at Work: A Cross-Temporal Analysis of Black and White Men (1972-1994)","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2069273613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3096871","mag":"2069273613"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3096871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3096871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3096871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129389861","display_name":"Social Problems","issn_l":"0037-7791","issn":["0037-7791","1533-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Problems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ryan A. Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan A. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University-New Brunswick"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University-New Brunswick","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":{"value":4073,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4073},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1521,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92213565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.8910999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.8910999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.07999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.012299999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-income-gap","display_name":"racial income gap","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-authority","display_name":"job authority","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-men","display_name":"Black men","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-men","display_name":"white men","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-inequality","display_name":"racial inequality","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-temporal-change","display_name":"cross-temporal change","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-chances","display_name":"life chances","score":0.4480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.7667382955551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7629815340042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.6083800196647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777101753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5433336","display_name":"Family income","level":2,"score":0.5004243850708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992814624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"Black male","level":2,"score":0.4685441255569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018047383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"Black female","level":2,"score":0.4302782714366913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3353336453437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29084572196006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.268498957157135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.16971513628959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.14323225617408752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3096871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3096871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3096871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129389861","display_name":"Social Problems","issn_l":"0037-7791","issn":["0037-7791","1533-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Problems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1525/sp.1997.44.1.03x0210b","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1997.44.1.03x0210b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1997.44.1.03x0210b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129389861","display_name":"Social Problems","issn_l":"0037-7791","issn":["0037-7791","1533-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Problems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139865884","https://openalex.org/W1591068091","https://openalex.org/W1971956165","https://openalex.org/W1974684786","https://openalex.org/W1981018825","https://openalex.org/W1982183779","https://openalex.org/W1986031436","https://openalex.org/W1988215507","https://openalex.org/W1995588464","https://openalex.org/W1996424252","https://openalex.org/W2005989571","https://openalex.org/W2022051291","https://openalex.org/W2027902358","https://openalex.org/W2031804705","https://openalex.org/W2033080806","https://openalex.org/W2048899167","https://openalex.org/W2059279159","https://openalex.org/W2065747644","https://openalex.org/W2068828932","https://openalex.org/W2079646999","https://openalex.org/W2084095971","https://openalex.org/W2136505683","https://openalex.org/W2141106202","https://openalex.org/W2153363769","https://openalex.org/W2158576642","https://openalex.org/W2183763752","https://openalex.org/W2323281199","https://openalex.org/W2324891320","https://openalex.org/W2325238760","https://openalex.org/W2328811368","https://openalex.org/W2330824741","https://openalex.org/W2333972279","https://openalex.org/W2334310347","https://openalex.org/W2339740280","https://openalex.org/W2487158258","https://openalex.org/W2497164029","https://openalex.org/W2574564044","https://openalex.org/W2795866679","https://openalex.org/W2890307234","https://openalex.org/W3109173677","https://openalex.org/W4247140771","https://openalex.org/W4297081765","https://openalex.org/W4300545775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481444950","https://openalex.org/W1559884185","https://openalex.org/W2031327891","https://openalex.org/W47953418","https://openalex.org/W7100877160","https://openalex.org/W2153856335","https://openalex.org/W121144077","https://openalex.org/W2790778429","https://openalex.org/W7097823963","https://openalex.org/W1980964001"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"data":[1],"from":[2],"the":[3,13,49,60,101,110,119,150,153],"1972-1994":[4],"General":[5],"Social":[6],"Surveys,":[7],"I":[8,148],"examine":[9],"racial":[10,29],"differences":[11,47],"in":[12,31,48,63,100],"effect":[14],"of":[15,40,51,113,122,155],"job":[16,55,67,105],"authority":[17,68,106],"on":[18],"men's":[19],"income.":[20],"The":[21],"research":[22],"addresses":[23],"three":[24],"questions:":[25],"(I)":[26],"Does":[27],"a":[28,126,158],"gap":[30,62,76,142],"income":[32,52,64,75,102,141],"between":[33,77,144],"black":[34,78],"and":[35,57,79,93,146],"white":[36,80],"men":[37,81,108,117],"persist":[38],"net":[39,128],"background":[41],"factors?":[42],"(2)":[43],"Are":[44],"there":[45,124,135],"black-white":[46,61],"amount":[50],"returns":[53,65,103],"to":[54,66,104],"authority?;":[56],"(3)":[58],"does":[59],"change":[69],"over":[70,132],"time?":[71],"There":[72,96],"is":[73,97,125,136],"an":[74],"even":[82],"after":[83],"controlling":[84],"for":[85,152],"education,":[86],"experience,":[87],"hours":[88],"worked,":[89],"occupation,":[90],"authority,":[91,123],"region,":[92],"city":[94],"size.":[95],"no":[98],"difference":[99,129],"among":[107,116],"at":[109,118],"lowest":[111],"levels":[112],"authority.":[114],"However,":[115],"highest":[120],"level":[121],"substantial":[127],"favoring":[130],"whites":[131],"blacks.":[133],"Finally,":[134],"little":[137],"evidence":[138],"that":[139],"this":[140],"declined":[143],"1972":[145],"1994.":[147],"discuss":[149],"implications":[151],"importance":[154],"race":[156],"as":[157],"factor":[159],"affecting":[160],"individual":[161],"life":[162],"chances.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
