{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2069167121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1969.0011","title":"The Pay of Confederate Troops and Problems of Demoralization: A Case of Administrative Failure","display_name":"The Pay of Confederate Troops and Problems of Demoralization: A Case of Administrative Failure","publication_year":1969,"publication_date":"1969-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2069167121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1969.0011","mag":"2069167121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/cwh.1969.0011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1969.0011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1969.0011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42018803","display_name":"Civil War history","issn_l":"0009-8078","issn":["0009-8078","1533-6271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315744","host_organization_name":"Kent State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kent State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Civil War History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108603337","display_name":"Harry N. Scheiber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harry N. Scheiber","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108603337"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.7759,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98823365,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"226","last_page":"236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14190","display_name":"Military history and social perspectives","score":0.9404000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14190","display_name":"Military history and social perspectives","score":0.9404000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13445","display_name":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demoralization","display_name":"demoralization","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/administrative-failure","display_name":"administrative failure","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confederate-congress","display_name":"Confederate Congress","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-morale","display_name":"military morale","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desertion","display_name":"desertion","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conscription","display_name":"conscription","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxation","display_name":"taxation","score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/states-rights","display_name":"states' rights","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confederate-states-of-america","display_name":"Confederate States of America","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-civil-war","display_name":"American Civil War","score":0.9139999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779669469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895508","display_name":"Battlefield","level":2,"score":0.7530947923660278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6482380628585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.594942033290863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.565195620059967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5541846752166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.5479027628898621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5282126069068909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4751417636871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780765947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12033531","display_name":"Administration (probate law)","level":2,"score":0.4626712501049042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3888888359069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.32229018211364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.23698893189430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.20210924744606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/cwh.1969.0011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1969.0011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1969.0011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42018803","display_name":"Civil War history","issn_l":"0009-8078","issn":["0009-8078","1533-6271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315744","host_organization_name":"Kent State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kent State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Civil War History","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/418779","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/418779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561463891","https://openalex.org/W1974188820","https://openalex.org/W1975303621","https://openalex.org/W1993775363","https://openalex.org/W1995877129","https://openalex.org/W2017497123","https://openalex.org/W2030440232","https://openalex.org/W2032233188","https://openalex.org/W2094242286","https://openalex.org/W2796219242","https://openalex.org/W2797496142","https://openalex.org/W2797699298","https://openalex.org/W2799919533","https://openalex.org/W2888782790","https://openalex.org/W2894851608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2600994603","https://openalex.org/W4241458461","https://openalex.org/W2062743825","https://openalex.org/W2065293275","https://openalex.org/W4388069515","https://openalex.org/W2945608162","https://openalex.org/W2011683881","https://openalex.org/W2483920714","https://openalex.org/W781138003","https://openalex.org/W3118054501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"THE":[0],"PAY":[1],"OF":[2,7],"CONFEDERATE":[3],"TROOPS":[4],"AND":[5],"PROBLEMS":[6],"DEMORALIZATION:":[8],"A":[9,247,256,414],"Case":[10],"of":[11,22,28,35,52,74,87,152,183,187,236,249,260,270,304,323,335,340,349,355,391,411,428,434,443,448,455,499,571,582,586,591,603,634,667],"Administrative":[12],"Failure":[13],"Harry":[14],"N.":[15,316],"Scheiber":[16],"The":[17,50,301,331,347,352,389,459,534,610],"reasons":[18],"for":[19,79,401,452,529,620],"the":[20,29,36,39,65,72,77,98,101,130,150,160,165,178,184,214,232,250,271,293,338,341,356,376,386,402,409,412,426,453,467,488,500,508,561,583,587,630,659,665],"erosion":[21],"morale":[23,57,237,660],"among":[24,164,189],"soldiers":[25,498,558],"and":[26,89,116,120,127,147,163,169,226,314,404,431,445,599],"citizenry":[27],"Confederacy\u2014a":[30],"key":[31],"factor":[32],"in":[33,38,138,142,149,167,202,242,292,337,425,541],"defeat":[34],"South":[37],"Civil":[40,320,377],"War":[41,378,550],"\u2014have":[42],"recently":[43],"been":[44,514],"given":[45],"increasing":[46],"attention":[47],"by":[48,177,213,466,639,647],"historians.1":[49],"cycle":[51],"miseries":[53],"that":[54,418,437,487,524],"produced":[55],"fatal":[56],"problems":[58,661],"is":[59,238,263,343],"now":[60],"well":[61],"defined.":[62],"Defeats":[63],"on":[64,71],"battlefield":[66],"had":[67,513],"an":[68],"immediate":[69],"impact":[70],"resolution":[73],"those":[75],"behind":[76],"lines,":[78],"it":[80,113],"was":[81,193,463],"difficult":[82],"to":[83,118,144,171,197,205,470,478,505,521,616,670,677],"accept":[84],"daily":[85],"sacrifices":[86],"comfort":[88],"necessities":[90],"when":[91,672],"military":[92,179],"prospects":[93],"were":[94,217,421,502,553,563,578,600,626,636,645],"grim.":[95],"And":[96],"throughout":[97],"war,":[99],"as":[100],"Confederacy's":[102],"central":[103,161],"government":[104,517,674],"came":[105],"increasingly":[106],"into":[107],"direct":[108],"contact":[109],"with":[110,159,549,664],"citizens":[111],"whom":[112],"conscripted,":[114],"taxed,":[115],"subjected":[117],"levies":[119],"seizures,":[121],"civilian":[122],"disaffection":[123,135],"became":[124],"aimed":[125],"more":[126,128],"against":[129],"administration":[131],"at":[132,531],"Richmond.2":[133],"Rising":[134],"manifested":[136],"itself":[137],"Unionist":[139],"political":[140],"activity;":[141],"resistance":[143,170],"taxation,":[145],"impressment":[146,608],"conscription;":[148],"support":[151,479],"state-rights":[153],"governors":[154],"who":[155,407],"resisted":[156],"wholehearted":[157],"cooperation":[158],"government;":[162],"armies,":[166,536],"desertions":[168],"authority":[172],"which":[173,512,537],"often":[174,503,595,614,653],"frustrated":[175],"planning":[176],"high":[180],"command.3":[181],"One":[182],"prime":[185],"causes":[186],"demoralization":[188],"Confederate":[190,215,282,302,319,387,468,673],"fighting":[191],"men":[192],"their":[194,576,624],"government's":[195],"failure":[196],"provide":[198,206,617],"adequate":[199],"pay\u2014or,":[200],"indeed,":[201],"many":[203,525],"cases,":[204],"any":[207,441],"pay":[208,481,635],"whatever.":[209],"Pay":[210],"scales":[211],"established":[212],"Congress":[216,469],"low:":[218],"eleven":[219],"dollars":[220,228],"per":[221],"month":[222],"until":[223,231],"June,":[224],"1864,":[225],"eighteen":[227],"from":[229,544,650],"then":[230],"wars":[233],"1":[234],"Disintegration":[235],"a":[239,464,532,574],"major":[240],"theme":[241],"Clement":[243],"Eaton's":[244],"comprehensive":[245],"study,":[246],"History":[248],"Southern":[251],"Confederacy":[252,272,294,357,501],"(New":[253,379,396],"York,":[254,380,397],"1954).":[255,275],"pioneering":[257],"interpretive":[258],"study":[259],"this":[261,456],"problem":[262],"Bell":[264,344],"Irvin":[265,345],"Wiley,":[266,346],"Tlie":[267],"Plain":[268],"People":[269],"(Baton":[273,307],"Rouge,":[274,308],"2":[276],"See,":[277],"generally,":[278],"Richard":[279],"C.":[280],"Todd,":[281],"Finance":[283],"(Athens,":[284],"Ga.,":[285],"1954);":[286],"Frank":[287],"L.":[288],"Owsley,":[289,367],"State":[290,368],"Rights":[291],"(Chicago,":[295],"1925);":[296],"E.":[297],"Merton":[298],"Coulter":[299],",":[300,359],"States":[303],"America,":[305],"1861-1865":[306],"1950);":[309],"Paul":[310],"P.":[311],"Van":[312],"Riper":[313],"H.":[315],"Scheiber,":[317],"\"The":[318],"Service,\"":[321],"Journal":[322],"Soutliern":[324],"History,":[325],"XXV":[326],"(Nov.,":[327],"1959),":[328],"448-470.":[329],"3":[330],"best":[332],"concise":[333],"account":[334],"discontent":[336],"ranks":[339],"armies":[342],"Life":[348],"Johnny":[350],"Reb:":[351],"Common":[353],"Soldier":[354],"(Indianapolis":[358],"1943),":[360],"ch.":[361,370],"6-8":[362],"et":[363],"passim.":[364],"See":[365],"also":[366,590],"Rights,":[369],"4-5;":[371],"Ella":[372],"Lonn,":[373],"Desertion":[374],"during":[375],"1928);":[381],"Edward":[382],"Younger":[383],"(ed),":[384],"Inside":[385],"Government:":[388],"Diary":[390],"Robert":[392],"Garlick":[393],"Hill":[394],"Kcan":[395],"1957).":[398],"226":[399],"end,":[400],"infantry":[403],"artiUery":[405],"privates":[406],"comprised":[408],"mass":[410],"troops.":[413],"few":[415],"congressmen":[416],"recognized":[417],"such":[419],"aUowances":[420],"sorely":[422],"inadequate,":[423],"especially":[424],"face":[427],"monetary":[429],"inflation,":[430],"one":[432,446],"(Gatrell":[433],"Georgia)":[435],"asserted":[436],"he":[438],"would":[439,475],"\"vote":[440],"amount":[442],"money,":[444],"million":[447],"men,":[449],"if":[450],"necessary":[451,477],"success":[454],"revolution":[457],".\"4":[458],"prevailing":[460],"sentiment,":[461],"however,":[462],"determination":[465],"avoid":[471],"harsh":[472],"taxation":[473],"measures\u2014as":[474],"be":[476],"higher":[480],"scales\u2014and":[482],"specious":[483],"arguments,":[484],"advanced":[485],"frequently":[486],"troops":[489,526],"neither":[490],"needed":[491],"nor":[492],"wanted":[493],"better":[494],"pay.5":[495],"In":[496],"actuality,":[497],"unable":[504],"collect":[506],"even":[507,547],"pitifully":[509],"small":[510],"allowances":[511],"authorized.":[515],"Mounting":[516],"deficits":[518,675],"caused":[519],"arrearages":[520,633],"build,":[522],"so":[523],"went":[527],"unpaid":[528],"months":[530],"time.":[533],"trans-Mississippi":[535],"faced":[538],"unusual":[539],"difficulty":[540],"transporting":[542],"funds":[543],"Richmond":[545],"or":[546,569,606],"communicating":[548],"Department":[551],"officials,":[552],"particularly":[554],"hard":[555],"hit.":[556],"Many":[557],"stationed":[559],"beyond":[560,567],"Mississippi":[562],"therefore":[564],"never":[565],"paid":[566],"August":[568],"September":[570],"1863!6":[572],"As":[573],"result,":[575],"families":[577],"deprived":[579],"not":[580],"only":[581],"protective":[584],"presence":[585],"breadwinner,":[588],"but":[589,623],"his":[592],"earnings.":[593],"They":[594],"suffered":[596],"extreme":[597],"destitution":[598],"easy":[601],"victims":[602],"speculators,":[604],"bushwhackers,":[605],"unscrupulous":[607],"officers.":[609],"hard-pressed":[611],"state":[612],"governments":[613],"undertook":[615],"welfare":[618],"relief":[619],"soldiers'":[621],"fam\u00fcies,":[622],"efforts":[625],"generaUy":[627],"inadequate.":[628],"For":[629],"soldier":[631],"himself,":[632],"usually":[637,657],"accompanied":[638],"supply":[640],"shortages.":[641],"When":[642],"these":[643],"grievances":[644],"compounded":[646],"disquieting":[648],"letters":[649],"home,":[651],"desertion":[652],"followed.7":[654],"Historians":[655],"have":[656],"associated":[658],"herein":[662],"described":[663],"events":[666],"late":[668],"1863":[669],"1865,":[671],"led":[676],"severe":[678],"shortages":[679],"of...":[680]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}