{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068940565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.004","title":"The learner characteristics, features of desktop 3D virtual reality environments, and college chemistry instruction: A structural equation modeling analysis","display_name":"The learner characteristics, features of desktop 3D virtual reality environments, and college chemistry instruction: A structural equation modeling analysis","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068940565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.004","mag":"2068940565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019577688","display_name":"Zahira Merchant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2202-0796","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2202-0796"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zahira Merchant","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051392242","display_name":"Ernest T. Goetz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernest T. Goetz","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045018706","display_name":"Wendy L. Keeney-Kennicutt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-1389","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-1389"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendy Keeney-Kennicutt","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3225, USA","College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3225, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3225, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3225, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019979210","display_name":"Oi\u2010Man Kwok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4617-4562","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4617-4562"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oi-man Kwok","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084201760","display_name":"Lauren C\u0131fuentes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-5290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-5290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Cifuentes","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051882481","display_name":"Trina J. Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-827X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-827X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trina J. Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Education, Department of Teaching Learning and Culture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","College of Education, Department of Teaching Learning and Culture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Teaching Learning and Culture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Teaching Learning and Culture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4225, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019577688"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":{"value":5190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.1801,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":205,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9946132,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"2","first_page":"551","last_page":"568"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13565","display_name":"Education and Learning Interventions","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-virtual-reality","display_name":"3D virtual reality","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desktop-virtual-reality","display_name":"desktop virtual reality","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry-achievement","display_name":"chemistry achievement","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-orientation","display_name":"spatial orientation","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"usability","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy","display_name":"self-efficacy","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sense-of-presence","display_name":"presence","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-characteristics","display_name":"learner characteristics","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-design","display_name":"instructional design","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-achievement","display_name":"science achievement","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.8000439405441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7103795409202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.6805270910263062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5864203572273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778662690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125339","display_name":"Spatial ability","level":3,"score":0.5737378597259521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5388742089271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198446146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069229","display_name":"Chemistry education","level":3,"score":0.45234763622283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4488077163696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.44093751907348633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.44035714864730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42878901958465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.37838977575302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3505820631980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2420617640018463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.18966543674468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12176400423049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0933346152305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781354396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840407","display_name":"Enthusiasm","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3177542480","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=201202224949987658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1032290579","display_name":"Computers in Education","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320144","host_organization_name":"Nova Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320144"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nova Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Education","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138426544","https://openalex.org/W203044136","https://openalex.org/W217161025","https://openalex.org/W331845848","https://openalex.org/W587795821","https://openalex.org/W1044674123","https://openalex.org/W1517419075","https://openalex.org/W1521041562","https://openalex.org/W1523437445","https://openalex.org/W1561694252","https://openalex.org/W1665332082","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W1855323143","https://openalex.org/W1965391613","https://openalex.org/W1969176821","https://openalex.org/W1971374890","https://openalex.org/W1977041955","https://openalex.org/W1991000631","https://openalex.org/W1992193527","https://openalex.org/W1995669036","https://openalex.org/W1996070276","https://openalex.org/W1998218796","https://openalex.org/W1998284588","https://openalex.org/W2002591854","https://openalex.org/W2010453024","https://openalex.org/W2012802483","https://openalex.org/W2013549369","https://openalex.org/W2015615455","https://openalex.org/W2021489206","https://openalex.org/W2021765444","https://openalex.org/W2021930463","https://openalex.org/W2023146136","https://openalex.org/W2024433820","https://openalex.org/W2025536151","https://openalex.org/W2046266092","https://openalex.org/W2048241559","https://openalex.org/W2048731403","https://openalex.org/W2056434135","https://openalex.org/W2058867503","https://openalex.org/W2059595434","https://openalex.org/W2064083597","https://openalex.org/W2068842206","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2081005585","https://openalex.org/W2086120662","https://openalex.org/W2090749259","https://openalex.org/W2103080710","https://openalex.org/W2114058809","https://openalex.org/W2114154109","https://openalex.org/W2118338381","https://openalex.org/W2120414497","https://openalex.org/W2123850496","https://openalex.org/W2126026019","https://openalex.org/W2126153334","https://openalex.org/W2129923059","https://openalex.org/W2131057562","https://openalex.org/W2134501117","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2137576942","https://openalex.org/W2139005481","https://openalex.org/W2140619385","https://openalex.org/W2155328926","https://openalex.org/W2161153780","https://openalex.org/W2171057921","https://openalex.org/W2178258609","https://openalex.org/W2183483587","https://openalex.org/W2275151517","https://openalex.org/W2313304448","https://openalex.org/W2313572750","https://openalex.org/W2571342545","https://openalex.org/W2622928986","https://openalex.org/W2892462438","https://openalex.org/W2899953276","https://openalex.org/W2900927010","https://openalex.org/W2941687386","https://openalex.org/W2992025694","https://openalex.org/W3015634246","https://openalex.org/W3157407122","https://openalex.org/W3183875433","https://openalex.org/W4205222904","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4293087366","https://openalex.org/W4299927410","https://openalex.org/W4300117787","https://openalex.org/W6606896017","https://openalex.org/W6608257060","https://openalex.org/W6755349583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2526360560","https://openalex.org/W1846820810","https://openalex.org/W2013549369","https://openalex.org/W2995104397","https://openalex.org/W2995592023","https://openalex.org/W4247434394","https://openalex.org/W2911870517","https://openalex.org/W6890249817","https://openalex.org/W4395695136","https://openalex.org/W6903437821"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}