{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068508573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2011.0002","title":"Getting the Pox off All Their Houses: Cotton Mather and the Rhetoric of Puritan Science","display_name":"Getting the Pox off All Their Houses: Cotton Mather and the Rhetoric of Puritan Science","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068508573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2011.0002","mag":"2068508573","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21688445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/eal.2011.0002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2011.0002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2011.0002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117554745","display_name":"Early American literature","issn_l":"0012-8163","issn":["0012-8163","1534-147X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315743","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315743"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of North Carolina Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Early American Literature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000069983","display_name":"Robert Tindol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0335-8556","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0335-8556","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9981-2399"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Tindol","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000069983"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1247,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96232498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.483599990606308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.483599990606308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.12039999663829803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11137","display_name":"Historical Philosophy and Science","score":0.09920000284910202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cotton-mather","display_name":"Cotton Mather","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variolation","display_name":"variolation","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jeremiad","display_name":"jeremiad","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divine-providence","display_name":"divine providence","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/onesimus","display_name":"Onesimus","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhetoric-of-science","display_name":"rhetoric of science","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religion-and-medicine","display_name":"religion and medicine","score":0.4620000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.7353839874267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7217043042182922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316694","display_name":"Rhetorical question","level":2,"score":0.6307122111320496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778417375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12214","display_name":"Smallpox","level":3,"score":0.6275694370269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4572756588459015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4128158688545227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3610100746154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.35369324684143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3416796922683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3398593068122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2469332218170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.19103774428367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001900","descriptor_name":"Boston","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006796","descriptor_name":"Household Work","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006798","descriptor_name":"Housing","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006798","descriptor_name":"Housing","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012068","descriptor_name":"Religion and Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012070","descriptor_name":"Religion and Science","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012899","descriptor_name":"Smallpox","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012899","descriptor_name":"Smallpox","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012900","descriptor_name":"Smallpox Vaccine","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012924","descriptor_name":"Social Conditions","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049671","descriptor_name":"History, 18th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/eal.2011.0002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2011.0002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2011.0002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117554745","display_name":"Early American literature","issn_l":"0012-8163","issn":["0012-8163","1534-147X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315743","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315743"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of North Carolina Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Early American Literature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21688445","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21688445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Early American literature","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/421114","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/421114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.75,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571053646","https://openalex.org/W656324341","https://openalex.org/W1487979756","https://openalex.org/W1502405762","https://openalex.org/W1970047525","https://openalex.org/W1981672456","https://openalex.org/W1982511280","https://openalex.org/W2013375612","https://openalex.org/W2027670897","https://openalex.org/W2064006267","https://openalex.org/W2076963879","https://openalex.org/W2086593433","https://openalex.org/W2088644666","https://openalex.org/W2099911020","https://openalex.org/W2121042785","https://openalex.org/W2121964160","https://openalex.org/W2130345807","https://openalex.org/W2170116661","https://openalex.org/W2309383967","https://openalex.org/W2324887496","https://openalex.org/W2412489840","https://openalex.org/W2469058414","https://openalex.org/W2593011916","https://openalex.org/W3025461901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163994137","https://openalex.org/W4301788609","https://openalex.org/W1968797351","https://openalex.org/W4313827468","https://openalex.org/W4210412143","https://openalex.org/W4313827570","https://openalex.org/W2436089063","https://openalex.org/W2767620147","https://openalex.org/W4313827837","https://openalex.org/W2438089043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Getting":[0],"the":[1,9,24,36,44,49,57,74,85,89,99,104,119,126,139,154,167,170,172,203,205,242,249,307,329,332,369,426,446,457,481,501,545,594,600,604,613,647],"Pox":[2],"off":[3],"All":[4],"Their":[5],"Houses:Cotton":[6],"Mather":[7,47,78,155,159,240,279,327,441,469,556,617,644],"and":[8,31,79,190,224,314,393,489,503,519,530,550,564,633,682],"Rhetoric":[10],"of":[11,20,52,66,77,88,125,142,169,175,245,260,265,303,323,331,340,351,363,407,432,449,500,596,607,628],"Puritan":[12,301],"Science":[13],"Robert":[14],"Tindol":[15],"(bio)":[16],"Cotton":[17],"Mather's":[18,112,136,582],"advocacy":[19],"smallpox":[21,140,250,267,380,408,427],"inoculations":[22,229,410],"during":[23,56,115,248,621],"1721":[25,143],"Boston":[26],"epidemic":[27,141],"has":[28,95,309,415],"been":[29,41,97,311,416,537],"acknowledged":[30],"lauded":[32],"at":[33,72],"least":[34],"since":[35],"1950s.1":[37],"Yet":[38],"scholars":[39,150],"have":[40,424,508,536],"divided":[42],"on":[43,418,456,624,653],"reasons":[45],"why":[46,378],"discounted":[48,241],"religious":[50,174,243,291,525,551,562,605],"objections":[51,244],"more":[53,173],"conservative":[54,246],"Bostonians":[55,247],"inoculation":[58,90,156,381],"controversy.2":[59],"An":[60],"accompanying":[61],"article":[62],"in":[63,82,103,138,200,238,268,277,306,343,357,386,429,454,485,492,513,523,567,581,586,675],"this":[64,419,576],"issue":[65],"EAL":[67],"by":[68,321,527,553],"Kelly":[69],"Wisecup":[70],"analyzes":[71],"length":[73],"rhetorical":[75,324],"practices":[76],"his":[80,116,253,258,271,561,590,622,650,663,673],"detractors":[81],"reference":[83],"to":[84,111,129,133,152,208,255,282,300,334,438,471,479,535,559,575,592,661,666],"African":[86,93],"origin":[87],"procedure.":[91],"The":[92,235,275,573],"connection":[94],"not":[96,310,477],"given":[98],"focus":[100],"it":[101,355,475],"deserves":[102],"past":[105],"(and":[106],"certainly":[107],"no":[108,358],"credit":[109],"went":[110],"slave":[113],"Onesimus":[114],"lifetime),":[117],"but":[118],"very":[120,236],"fact":[121],"that":[122,135,149,220,257,284,288,326,336,371,440,451,468,510,570,608,646],"new":[123,218,447,597,609],"interpretations":[124],"controversy":[127,157,251,428],"continue":[128,151],"emerge":[130],"would":[131,507],"seem":[132,207],"indicate":[134],"role":[137,223],"remains":[144],"enigmatic.":[145],"My":[146],"argument":[147,367],"is":[148,212,315,338,356,476,532,578],"examine":[153],"because":[158,494],"himself":[160],"was":[161,280,442,452,512,557,637],"deeply":[162,213],"enigmatic":[163],"when":[164,373],"he":[165,460,659,670],"rejected":[166],"arguments":[168],"anti-inoculators,":[171],"whom,":[176],"after":[177],"all,":[178,516],"had":[179],"a":[180,198,217,261,285,360,379,390,430,486,568,625,676],"perfectly":[181],"valid":[182],"argument.":[183],"If":[184],"God":[185,192,511],"sends":[186],"disease":[187],"as":[188,197],"punishment,":[189],"if":[191,395,465,496],"can":[193,542],"heal":[194],"those":[195],"diseases":[196],"lesson":[199],"morals":[201],"for":[202,376,389,649],"sufferer,":[204],"anti-inoculators":[206],"assume,":[209],"then":[210],"something":[211],"wrong":[214],"with":[215,401],"using":[216],"technology":[219],"circumvents":[221],"God's":[222,233],"precludes":[225],"many":[226],"persons":[227],"obtaining":[228],"from":[230],"ever":[231],"receiving":[232],"chastisement.":[234],"manner":[237],"which":[239,278,585],"demonstrates":[252],"ability":[254],"insist":[256],"promotion":[259],"purely":[262],"secular":[263],"method":[264],"defeating":[266],"noway":[269],"contradicted":[270],"sternly":[272],"deterministic":[273],"theology.3":[274],"way":[276,322,359,569,574],"able":[281,558],"argue":[283,320],"medical":[286,487],"procedure":[287],"seemingly":[289],"ignored":[290],"devotion":[292],"could":[293],"indeed":[294,398],"be":[295,436],"reconciled":[296],"[End":[297],"Page":[298],"1]":[299],"assumptions":[302],"divine":[304,352,387,396],"intervention":[305],"world":[308,602],"adequately":[312],"explained":[313],"therefore":[316],"worth":[317],"revisiting.":[318],"I":[319],"analysis":[325],"invokes":[328],"language":[330],"jeremiad":[333],"demonstrate":[335],"science":[337,654],"one":[339,374],"several":[341,587],"tools":[342],"moving":[344],"humanity":[345],"forward":[346],"toward":[347],"its":[348],"ultimate":[349],"goal":[350],"reconciliation,":[353],"although":[354,421],"necessary":[361],"component":[362],"individual":[364],"salvation.":[365],"This":[366],"obviates":[368],"contradictions":[370],"arise":[372],"considers,":[375],"example,":[377],"should":[382],"supersede":[383],"simple":[384],"faith":[385,491],"providence":[388,397],"devout":[391],"Puritan,":[392,616],"why,":[394],"comports":[399],"well":[400],"science,":[402],"good":[403],"Christian":[404],"people":[405],"died":[406],"before":[409],"were":[411,521,655],"available.":[412],"Recent":[413],"scholarship":[414],"silent":[417],"aporia,":[420],"various":[422,651],"writers":[423],"discussed":[425],"number":[431],"contexts.4":[433],"One":[434],"might":[435],"tempted":[437],"assume":[439],"simply":[443],"taking":[444],"up":[445,672],"spirit":[448],"Enlightenment":[450,473,549],"growing":[453],"popularity":[455],"European":[458],"continent":[459],"so":[461],"admired.":[462],"But":[463],"even":[464,533],"we":[466],"postulate":[467],"shifted":[470],"embrace":[472],"thinking,":[474],"sufficient":[478],"settle":[480],"contradiction":[482],"between":[483,548],"trust":[484],"discovery":[488,595],"unqualified":[490],"God,":[493],"few":[495],"any":[497],"leading":[498],"figures":[499],"seventeenth":[502],"early":[504],"eighteenth":[505],"centuries":[506],"questioned":[509],"control.":[514],"After":[515],"both":[517],"Boyle":[518],"Newton":[520,531],"conventional":[522],"their":[524],"beliefs":[526],"modern":[528,679],"standards,":[529],"known":[534],"an":[538,639,667],"enthusiastic":[539],"alchemist.5":[540],"We":[541],"move":[543],"beyond":[544],"outdated":[546],"opposition":[547],"thought":[552],"examining":[554],"how":[555],"reconcile":[560],"views":[563],"scientific":[565,664,680],"adventurousness":[566],"diminished":[571],"neither.":[572],"reconciliation":[577],"best":[579],"sought":[580],"works":[583,620,652],"themselves,":[584],"instances":[588],"display":[589],"tendency":[591],"privilege":[593],"knowledge":[598],"about":[599],"natural":[601],"over":[603],"compatibility":[606],"knowledge.":[610],"By":[611],"far":[612],"most":[614],"prolific":[615],"published":[618],"444":[619],"lifetime":[623],"wide":[626],"variety":[627],"subjects,":[629],"including":[630],"full-length":[631],"books":[632],"ephemeral":[634],"pamphlets.":[635],"He":[636],"also":[638],"avid":[640],"diarist":[641],"(Holmes":[642],"ix).":[643],"understood":[645],"audiences":[648],"distinctly":[656],"different.":[657],"When":[658],"wanted":[660],"show":[662],"mettle":[665],"elite":[668],"audience,":[669],"wrote":[671],"observations":[674],"format":[677],"resembling":[678],"lab":[681],"field":[683],"reports...":[684]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}