{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068308637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10413","title":"Evolution and homology of the astragalus in early amniotes: New fossils, new perspectives","display_name":"Evolution and homology of the astragalus in early amniotes: New fossils, new perspectives","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068308637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10413","mag":"2068308637","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16421891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jmor.10413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173450624","display_name":"Journal of Morphology","issn_l":"0362-2525","issn":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Morphology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037972858","display_name":"Frank Robin O'Keefe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6346-1099","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6346-1099"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F. Robin O'Keefe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA. frokeefe@nyit.edu","Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA. frokeefe@nyit.edu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017579268","display_name":"Christian A. Sidor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0742-4829","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0742-4829"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian A. Sidor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014212349","display_name":"Hans C. E. Larsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6377-4770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6377-4770"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans C.E. Larsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abdoudaye Maga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdoudaye Maga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey, Niger Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey, Niger Republic","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048681069","display_name":"Oumarou Amadou Ide","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oumarou Ide","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey, Niger Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey, Niger Republic","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037972858"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.587881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"267","issue":"4","first_page":"415","last_page":"425"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13100","display_name":"Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2702","display_name":"Anatomy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astragalus","display_name":"Astragalus","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ossification-centers","display_name":"ossification centers","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amniote-phylogeny","display_name":"amniote phylogeny","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diapsida","display_name":"Diapsida","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursorial-locomotion","display_name":"cursorial locomotion","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reptile-evolution","display_name":"reptile evolution","score":0.328000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781011139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181537","display_name":"Amniote","level":4,"score":0.9302911758422852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8671945333480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5195335","display_name":"Cursorial","level":3,"score":0.775143027305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778842504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121544","display_name":"Ossification","level":2,"score":0.6528306007385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44465124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713623","display_name":"Clade","level":4,"score":0.5922269821166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.5629547238349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.4696083962917328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777452171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630631","display_name":"Ossification center","level":3,"score":0.4602234959602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178300618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898509","display_name":"Extant taxon","level":2,"score":0.42914968729019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4239335358142853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778961482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241","display_name":"Vertebrate","level":3,"score":0.36726319789886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.3275708258152008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.20156675577163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.16165637969970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.12187087535858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.06334969401359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000489","descriptor_name":"Alligators and Crocodiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000663","descriptor_name":"Amphibians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005121","descriptor_name":"Extremities","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005580","descriptor_name":"Fossils","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010012","descriptor_name":"Osteogenesis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010802","descriptor_name":"Phylogeny","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012104","descriptor_name":"Reptiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013628","descriptor_name":"Talus","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013643","descriptor_name":"Tarsus, Animal","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014714","descriptor_name":"Vertebrates","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014714","descriptor_name":"Vertebrates","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jmor.10413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173450624","display_name":"Journal of Morphology","issn_l":"0362-2525","issn":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Morphology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16421891","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16421891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of morphology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581044861","https://openalex.org/W1597858723","https://openalex.org/W1639459391","https://openalex.org/W1791234317","https://openalex.org/W1978557909","https://openalex.org/W1979483612","https://openalex.org/W2047778144","https://openalex.org/W2056202870","https://openalex.org/W2059741594","https://openalex.org/W2071541971","https://openalex.org/W2076379263","https://openalex.org/W2077408846","https://openalex.org/W2093430057","https://openalex.org/W2097277390","https://openalex.org/W2099560755","https://openalex.org/W2101556711","https://openalex.org/W2114066521","https://openalex.org/W2127892481","https://openalex.org/W2135355813","https://openalex.org/W2161422107","https://openalex.org/W2170974133","https://openalex.org/W2174693420","https://openalex.org/W2175440827","https://openalex.org/W2176779431","https://openalex.org/W2323366350","https://openalex.org/W2336168224","https://openalex.org/W2481970356","https://openalex.org/W3141225602","https://openalex.org/W4214938487","https://openalex.org/W4238857834","https://openalex.org/W4290997259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101556711","https://openalex.org/W2338302552","https://openalex.org/W2039106341","https://openalex.org/W3012132439","https://openalex.org/W2626666909","https://openalex.org/W6982921184","https://openalex.org/W4254211909","https://openalex.org/W2071541971","https://openalex.org/W2175440827","https://openalex.org/W6948319448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"reorganization":[1],"of":[2,18,39,71,91,99,120,129,135,146,151,171,183,186,202,221],"the":[3,16,37,40,44,48,52,61,65,69,80,89,97,121,152,169,172,181,184,187,194,199,208,218,233],"ankle":[4,70],"in":[5,47,68,143,180,189,225],"basal":[6],"amniotes":[7],"has":[8],"long":[9],"been":[10,58],"considered":[11],"a":[12,31,84],"key":[13,27],"innovation":[14,28],"allowing":[15],"evolution":[17],"more":[19],"terrestrial":[20],"and":[21,177],"cursorial":[22],"behavior.":[23],"Understanding":[24],"how":[25],"this":[26,112,205],"arose":[29,231],"is":[30,75,83,156,175,178],"complex":[32,85],"problem":[33],"that":[34,79,217],"largely":[35],"concerns":[36],"homologizing":[38,60],"amniote":[41,62,81,173,212],"astragalus":[42,63,82,119,147,174,222],"with":[43,64],"various":[45],"ossifications":[46,67],"anamniote":[49],"tarsus.":[50],"Over":[51],"last":[53],"century,":[54],"several":[55,92],"hypotheses":[56],"have":[57],"advanced":[59],"many":[66],"amphibian-grade":[72],"tetrapods.":[73],"There":[74],"an":[76,190],"emerging":[77,87],"consensus":[78],"structure":[86],"via":[88],"co-ossification":[90],"originally":[93],"separate":[94],"elements,":[95],"but":[96],"identities":[98],"these":[100],"elements":[101],"remain":[102],"unclear.":[103],"Here":[104],"we":[105],"present":[106],"new":[107],"fossil":[108],"evidence":[109,128],"bearing":[110],"on":[111],"contentious":[113],"question.":[114],"A":[115,164],"poorly":[116],"ossified,":[117],"juvenile":[118],"large":[122],"captorhinid":[123,153],"Moradisaurus":[124],"grandis":[125],"shows":[126],"clear":[127],"four":[130,161],"ossification":[131,162,203,223],"centers,":[132],"rather":[133],"than":[134],"three":[136],"centers":[137],"or":[138],"one":[139],"center":[140],"as":[141,159],"posited":[142],"previous":[144],"models":[145],"homology.":[148],"Comparative":[149],"material":[150],"Captorhinikos":[154],"chozaensis":[155],"also":[157],"interpretable":[158],"demonstrating":[160],"centers.":[163],"new,":[165],"four-center":[166],"model":[167],"for":[168,198,211],"homology":[170],"advanced,":[176],"discussed":[179],"context":[182],"phylogeny":[185,213],"Captorhinidae":[188],"attempt":[191],"to":[192],"identify":[193],"developmental":[195],"transitions":[196],"responsible":[197],"observed":[200],"pattern":[201,220],"within":[204,232],"clade.":[206],"Lastly,":[207],"broader":[209],"implications":[210],"are":[214],"discussed,":[215],"concluding":[216],"neomorphic":[219],"seen":[224],"all":[226],"extant":[227],"reptiles":[228],"(including":[229],"turtles)":[230],"clade":[234],"Diapsida.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
