{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068076508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0233:cemfmc>2.0.co;2","title":"Coalescence Efficiency Measurements for Minimally Charged Cloud Drops","display_name":"Coalescence Efficiency Measurements for Minimally Charged Cloud Drops","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068076508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0233:cemfmc>2.0.co;2","mag":"2068076508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0233:cemfmc>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0233:cemfmc>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0233:cemfmc>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131264402","display_name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","issn_l":"0022-4928","issn":["0022-4928","1520-0469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053973275","display_name":"Kenneth V. Beard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth V. Beard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atmospheric Environment Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atmospheric Environment Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025441997","display_name":"Russell I. Durkee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell I. Durkee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atmospheric Environment Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atmospheric Environment Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003816584","display_name":"Harry T. Ochs","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harry T. Ochs III","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atmospheric Environment Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atmospheric Environment Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2366,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62900952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"2","first_page":"233","last_page":"243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coalescence-efficiency","display_name":"coalescence efficiency","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-droplets","display_name":"cloud droplets","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-cross-sections","display_name":"collision cross sections","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-efficiency","display_name":"collision efficiency","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-ions","display_name":"bipolar ions","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drop-growth","display_name":"drop growth","score":0.42500001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.7858425378799438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149792144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2071902","display_name":"Coalescence (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7459251880645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781345722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308388","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.6727504730224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5950369238853455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.48720043897628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.44293203949928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4208701252937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776884238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3382037","display_name":"Cloud physics","level":3,"score":0.4158175587654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3901957869529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3825443685054779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3691880404949188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.36450493335723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.3359469175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09528326988220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0233:cemfmc>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0233:cemfmc>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0233:cemfmc>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131264402","display_name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","issn_l":"0022-4928","issn":["0022-4928","1520-0469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966217162","https://openalex.org/W1982617094","https://openalex.org/W1989797086","https://openalex.org/W1994251312","https://openalex.org/W1998427771","https://openalex.org/W2006356842","https://openalex.org/W2024114054","https://openalex.org/W2031189883","https://openalex.org/W2033264524","https://openalex.org/W2033455002","https://openalex.org/W2041544069","https://openalex.org/W2057535071","https://openalex.org/W2094462333","https://openalex.org/W2120967297","https://openalex.org/W2135486235","https://openalex.org/W2140445908","https://openalex.org/W2173983894","https://openalex.org/W2177274424","https://openalex.org/W2992460260"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2178090133","https://openalex.org/W2009107987","https://openalex.org/W2095397854","https://openalex.org/W2178625132","https://openalex.org/W2074605405","https://openalex.org/W2076537559","https://openalex.org/W2024114054","https://openalex.org/W2103192881","https://openalex.org/W2048744943","https://openalex.org/W2303285448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laboratory":[0],"measurements":[1],"were":[2,96],"made":[3],"of":[4,23,31,41,48,69,159,161,178],"the":[5,42,46,66,121,140,157,176],"collision":[6,93,172],"cross":[7],"section":[8],"for":[9,20,124],"water":[10],"drops":[11,22,36,128,147,163],"freely":[12],"falling":[13],"in":[14,26,65],"air":[15],"to":[16,78,98],"evaluate":[17],"coalescence":[18,100,122],"efficiencies":[19,173],"cloud":[21,71,127,146,162],"55\u2013105-\u03bcm":[24],"radius":[25,28],"a":[27],"ratio":[29],"range":[30],"0.5\u20131.0.":[32],"The":[33,58,81,117],"charge":[34,60,150],"on":[35,92,175],"was":[37,52,61,104],"minimized":[38],"by":[39,164],"control":[40],"electric":[43],"field":[44],"at":[45],"location":[47],"drop":[49,59,85],"formation":[50],"and":[51,73,134],"further":[53],"reduced":[54],"using":[55,109,169],"bipolar":[56],"ions.":[57],"below":[62,75],"values":[63],"expected":[64],"developing":[67],"stage":[68],"warm":[70],"precipitation":[72],"well":[74],"thresholds":[76],"needed":[77],"promote":[79],"coalescence.":[80],"horizontal":[82],"distance":[83],"between":[84,126],"centers,":[86],"measured":[87],"from":[88,106,114],"photographs,":[89],"provided":[90],"data":[91],"offsets":[94,111],"that":[95,120,144],"used":[97],"determine":[99],"efficiencies.":[101],"Experiment":[102],"uncertainty":[103],"calculated":[105,168],"numerical":[107],"trials":[108],"random":[110],"with":[112,148],"variance":[113],"measurement":[115],"errors.":[116],"analysis":[118],"demonstrated":[119],"efficiency":[123],"collisions":[125],"is":[129],"certainly":[130],"greater":[131,136],"than":[132,137,154],"91%":[133],"likely":[135],"95%.":[138],"Because":[139],"present":[141],"experiment":[142],"shows":[143],"colliding":[145],"minimal":[149],"will":[151],"coalesce,":[152],"rather":[153],"bounce":[155],"apart,":[156],"rate":[158],"growth":[160],"collision\u2013coalescence":[165],"can":[166],"be":[167],"available":[170],"theoretical":[171],"based":[174],"interactions":[177],"uncharged":[179],"spheres.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}