{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068024288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","title":"The Applicability of the Learning School Model of Strategy Formulation (Strategy Formulation as an Emergent Process)","display_name":"The Applicability of the Learning School Model of Strategy Formulation (Strategy Formulation as an Emergent Process)","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068024288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","mag":"2068024288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=55266","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764382203","display_name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","issn_l":"2329-3284","issn":["2329-3284","2329-3292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=55266","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060118958","display_name":"Isaac Quaye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-1929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-1929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac Quaye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management & Economics , University of Electronic Science & Technology of China , Chengdu , China","School of Management & Economics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management & Economics , University of Electronic Science & Technology of China , Chengdu , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management & Economics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014082959","display_name":"Abraham Osei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abraham Osei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management & Economics , University of Electronic Science & Technology of China , Chengdu , China","School of Management & Economics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management & Economics , University of Electronic Science & Technology of China , Chengdu , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management & Economics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036980979","display_name":"Alfred Sarbah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4637-5989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4637-5989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alfred Sarbah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management & Economics , University of Electronic Science & Technology of China , Chengdu , China","School of Management & Economics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management & Economics , University of Electronic Science & Technology of China , Chengdu , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management & Economics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082648473","display_name":"Eugene Abrokwah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9077-1180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9077-1180"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugene Abrokwah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China","School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036980979"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.148,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8990411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"03","issue":"02","first_page":"135","last_page":"154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13163","display_name":"Organizational Learning and Leadership","score":0.7231000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13163","display_name":"Organizational Learning and Leadership","score":0.7231000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12815","display_name":"Management and Organizational Practices","score":0.1039000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13151","display_name":"Business Strategies and Innovation","score":0.042899999767541885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-school","display_name":"learning school","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategy-formulation","display_name":"strategy formulation","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergent-strategy","display_name":"emergent strategy","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategy-implementation","display_name":"strategy implementation","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-organization","display_name":"learning organization","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-empowerment","display_name":"employee empowerment","score":0.7960000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6230810284614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.5870669484138489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.5064970254898071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5044983625411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4849886894226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4540664553642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86275758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376657","display_name":"Strategic management","level":2,"score":0.4538480341434479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780637533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047722","display_name":"Strategy implementation","level":2,"score":0.42863672971725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988054608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management strategy","level":2,"score":0.4285692274570465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42362451553344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.34100472927093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.3015974164009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2929074764251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.24873018264770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14781424403190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14579185843467712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.14006859064102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178550888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282","display_name":"Business administration","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=55266","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764382203","display_name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","issn_l":"2329-3284","issn":["2329-3284","2329-3292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.32014","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=55266","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764382203","display_name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","issn_l":"2329-3284","issn":["2329-3284","2329-3292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Business and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2068024288.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2068024288.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49627326","https://openalex.org/W83478136","https://openalex.org/W108421079","https://openalex.org/W129400212","https://openalex.org/W163070274","https://openalex.org/W302875033","https://openalex.org/W618918350","https://openalex.org/W620283334","https://openalex.org/W625419500","https://openalex.org/W653152665","https://openalex.org/W1004584821","https://openalex.org/W1480396160","https://openalex.org/W1480599813","https://openalex.org/W1481899300","https://openalex.org/W1483763241","https://openalex.org/W1495419098","https://openalex.org/W1498718193","https://openalex.org/W1504402638","https://openalex.org/W1517214444","https://openalex.org/W1529650392","https://openalex.org/W1537984582","https://openalex.org/W1538247693","https://openalex.org/W1565103001","https://openalex.org/W1573026942","https://openalex.org/W1580880025","https://openalex.org/W1593114024","https://openalex.org/W1594417859","https://openalex.org/W1702416304","https://openalex.org/W1855283887","https://openalex.org/W1972136450","https://openalex.org/W1978687871","https://openalex.org/W1992324015","https://openalex.org/W1993300415","https://openalex.org/W2000515023","https://openalex.org/W2003934805","https://openalex.org/W2006108110","https://openalex.org/W2022792408","https://openalex.org/W2023293975","https://openalex.org/W2025457205","https://openalex.org/W2025579080","https://openalex.org/W2028436159","https://openalex.org/W2028877696","https://openalex.org/W2028898715","https://openalex.org/W2029056730","https://openalex.org/W2034326897","https://openalex.org/W2042425292","https://openalex.org/W2054958822","https://openalex.org/W2058864864","https://openalex.org/W2067836055","https://openalex.org/W2078514605","https://openalex.org/W2078731587","https://openalex.org/W2085046422","https://openalex.org/W2085522333","https://openalex.org/W2091761553","https://openalex.org/W2098760795","https://openalex.org/W2099599889","https://openalex.org/W2115721509","https://openalex.org/W2123201139","https://openalex.org/W2130720254","https://openalex.org/W2132454116","https://openalex.org/W2141557851","https://openalex.org/W2146169102","https://openalex.org/W2208533531","https://openalex.org/W2232814000","https://openalex.org/W2313563931","https://openalex.org/W2315638474","https://openalex.org/W2324697242","https://openalex.org/W2328634943","https://openalex.org/W2334962475","https://openalex.org/W2475694062","https://openalex.org/W2564972396","https://openalex.org/W2568969441","https://openalex.org/W2619019036","https://openalex.org/W2743312711","https://openalex.org/W2765597001","https://openalex.org/W2769248301","https://openalex.org/W2798380429","https://openalex.org/W2940581304","https://openalex.org/W2941072850","https://openalex.org/W2972469951","https://openalex.org/W3000382585","https://openalex.org/W3093012486","https://openalex.org/W3121156733","https://openalex.org/W3125010573","https://openalex.org/W3125566182","https://openalex.org/W4238050232","https://openalex.org/W4241607844","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365525280","https://openalex.org/W4247280287","https://openalex.org/W1620234845","https://openalex.org/W2120398000","https://openalex.org/W1533447321","https://openalex.org/W2901014012","https://openalex.org/W4388645439","https://openalex.org/W4240971030","https://openalex.org/W2960628300","https://openalex.org/W4248004598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Great":[0],"strategies":[1,41,122],"are":[2,51,60,150,226],"worth":[3],"nothing":[4],"if":[5],"they":[6,241],"cannot":[7],"be":[8,13],"implemented":[9],"[1].":[10],"It":[11],"can":[12],"extended":[14],"to":[15,19,27,44,162,198,230,236,245],"say":[16],"that":[17,65,196],"better":[18],"implement":[20],"effectively":[21],"a":[22,29,137,205],"second":[23],"grade":[24],"strategy":[25,32,77,173,189],"than":[26],"ruin":[28],"first":[30],"class":[31],"with":[33,147],"ineffective":[34],"implementation":[35,39],"[2].":[36],"Thus,":[37],"effective":[38],"of":[40,47,54,56,63,76,100,108,114,121,129,152,160,187,208,214],"is":[42,106,118,157],"important":[43],"the":[45,98,112,119,130,158,163,178,183,193,212,215,249],"success":[46],"every":[48],"entity.":[49],"There":[50,149],"many":[52],"ways":[53],"classifications":[55],"strategy.":[57,70,176],"However,":[58,177],"there":[59,117,156],"ten":[61,72],"schools":[62,73],"thought":[64],"dominate":[66],"recent":[67],"thinking":[68],"on":[69],"These":[71],"or":[74,174,224],"models":[75],"formulation":[78],"were":[79],"proposed":[80],"by":[81],"Henry":[82],"Mintzberg,":[83],"Bruce":[84],"Ahlstrand":[85],"and":[86,185,234,238,247,251],"Joseph":[87],"Lampel":[88],"in":[89,145,169,228,243],"their":[90,142,232],"book":[91],"\u201cStrategy":[92],"Safari:":[93],"A":[94],"Guided":[95],"Tour":[96],"through":[97,132],"Wilds":[99],"Strategic":[101],"Management\u201d.":[102],"The":[103,201],"\u201clearning":[104],"school\u201d":[105],"one":[107],"these":[109],"schools.":[110],"From":[111],"perspective":[113],"this":[115,153,188],"school,":[116],"emergence":[120],"as":[123,139,141,190,192,218],"people":[124],"act":[125],"individually":[126],"but":[127],"most":[128],"time":[131],"concerted":[133],"efforts,":[134],"learning":[135,199,216],"about":[136],"phenomenon":[138],"well":[140,191],"entity\u2019s":[143],"competence":[144],"dealing":[146],"it.":[148],"criticisms":[151],"model":[154],"saying":[155],"danger":[159],"going":[161],"opposite":[164],"extreme":[165],"which":[166],"may":[167],"result":[168],"no":[170],"strategy,":[171],"lost":[172],"wrong":[175],"study":[179],"provides":[180],"insight":[181],"into":[182],"adoption":[184],"application":[186],"enormous":[194],"benefits":[195],"accrue":[197],"organizations.":[200],"authors,":[202],"having":[203],"reviewed":[204],"vast":[206],"number":[207],"literature,":[209],"have":[210],"summarized":[211],"concept":[213],"school":[217],"\u201call":[219],"hands-on-deck":[220],"phenomenon\u201d":[221],"where":[222],"individuals":[223],"employees":[225],"empowered":[227],"teams":[229],"improve":[231],"desire":[233],"ability":[235],"create":[237],"explore":[239],"what":[240],"want":[242],"order":[244],"understand":[246],"manage":[248],"organization":[250],"its":[252],"task":[253],"environment.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
