{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067350201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2005.0055","title":"Babel in Democratization Studies","display_name":"Babel in Democratization Studies","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067350201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2005.0055","mag":"2067350201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2005.0055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2005.0055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151119180","display_name":"Journal of democracy","issn_l":"1045-5736","issn":["1045-5736","1086-3214"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Democracy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015916827","display_name":"Ariel C. Armony","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-0364","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-0364"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ariel C Armony","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Latin American Studies, International Studies"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Latin American Studies, International Studies","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061634203","display_name":"Hector E. Schamis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181401687","display_name":"American University","ror":"https://ror.org/052w4zt36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hector E Schamis","raw_affiliation_strings":["American University's School of International Service"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University's School of International Service","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.9823,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9869316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"113","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.8759999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.8759999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.11469999700784683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13721","display_name":"Political Science Research and Education","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-backsliding","display_name":"democratic backsliding","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illiberal-democracy","display_name":"illiberal democracy","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-regimes","display_name":"hybrid regimes","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authoritarianism","display_name":"authoritarianism","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regime-typology","display_name":"regime typology","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-law","display_name":"rule of law","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights","display_name":"civil rights","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-transition","display_name":"democratic transition","score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-power-concentration","display_name":"executive concentration of power","score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-manipulation","display_name":"electoral manipulation","score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy-of-democracy","display_name":"political economy of democracy","score":0.3790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17058734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064441","display_name":"Democratization","level":4,"score":0.8693770170211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6751449108123779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.5384637117385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5015864372253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781440851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35749","display_name":"Parliament","level":3,"score":0.5011467933654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197487636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892","display_name":"Presidential system","level":3,"score":0.491941899061203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.45050978660583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777582232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013414","display_name":"CONTEST","level":2,"score":0.4124566614627838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.41088810563087463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3926222324371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38346657156944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3553164601325989}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2005.0055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2005.0055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151119180","display_name":"Journal of democracy","issn_l":"1045-5736","issn":["1045-5736","1086-3214"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Democracy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/188302","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/188302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193276848","https://openalex.org/W563606676","https://openalex.org/W1495718658","https://openalex.org/W1503134246","https://openalex.org/W1528419149","https://openalex.org/W1533369859","https://openalex.org/W1589559699","https://openalex.org/W1592669368","https://openalex.org/W2009661012","https://openalex.org/W2046087644","https://openalex.org/W2075191293","https://openalex.org/W2078646629","https://openalex.org/W2081355165","https://openalex.org/W2090415792","https://openalex.org/W2092111629","https://openalex.org/W2094678909","https://openalex.org/W2107559193","https://openalex.org/W2136926952","https://openalex.org/W2150563088","https://openalex.org/W2154084559","https://openalex.org/W2167155027","https://openalex.org/W2170274026","https://openalex.org/W2231400208","https://openalex.org/W2244615402","https://openalex.org/W2316877450","https://openalex.org/W2318084710","https://openalex.org/W2636970760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2331784095","https://openalex.org/W372196539","https://openalex.org/W7215243660","https://openalex.org/W2125015111","https://openalex.org/W3122244183","https://openalex.org/W632596893","https://openalex.org/W3030482861","https://openalex.org/W4254075082","https://openalex.org/W2044420234","https://openalex.org/W2486072488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Babel":[0,392],"In":[1,102,134,388],"Democratization":[2],"Studies":[3],"Ariel":[4],"C.":[5],"Armony":[6],"(bio)":[7,12],"and":[8,79,90,110,141,171,203,342,358,386,403,406,444,449,458,468,499,516,535,542,603,612,626,681],"Hector":[9],"E.":[10],"Schamis":[11],"With":[13],"democracy":[14,385,410,480,625],"becoming":[15],"the":[16,19,27,49,55,67,96,118,122,132,148,159,167,173,223,227,242,301,306,333,339,362,376,381,424,433,437,476,488,501,549,559,566,574,580,649,657,676],"global":[17],"norm,":[18],"field":[20,575,594],"of":[21,30,51,59,69,85,99,128,161,169,175,180,186,197,226,235,244,266,274,290,303,335,338,365,399,426,439,442,447,479,491,503,551,561,568,576,624,631,640,651,656,678],"democratization":[22,181],"studies":[23],"has":[24,63,146,247,353,393,571],"boomed":[25],"in":[26,95,106,131,154,270,411,421,436,509,520,530,548,675],"last":[28],"quarter":[29],"a":[31,82,125,138,184,194,232,237,264,271,345,455,473,511,545,590,629,667,671],"century.":[32],"While":[33,408,654],"early":[34],"research":[35,62,632],"focused":[36],"on":[37,253,332,527,643],"transitions,":[38],"over":[39],"time":[40,258],"scholars":[41],"have":[42,182,669],"begun":[43],"to":[44,48,150,188,260,395,431,453,465,539,609,620,627,661],"pay":[45],"closer":[46],"attention":[47],"performance":[50],"emerging":[52],"democracies.":[53],"Arguably,":[54],"major":[56],"empirical":[57,359,541,604],"finding":[58],"this":[60,257,277,315,327,390],"latter":[61],"been":[64,355],"that,":[65],"while":[66],"majority":[68],"these":[70,217],"new":[71,104,139,281,307,459,536,610,658],"regimes":[72,370,414,663,680],"exhibit":[73],"democratic":[74,100,176,504],"features":[75],"such":[76,212,510],"as":[77,193,287,294,565],"free":[78],"fair":[80],"elections,":[81],"significant":[83],"number":[84],"them":[86,285],"deviate":[87],"from":[88,222,482,500,579,607],"standards":[89],"practices":[91],"that":[92,216,513,533],"are":[93,462,664,688],"inherent":[94],"very":[97],"idea":[98,567],"rule.":[101],"various":[103,340],"democracies,":[105,305,401,423],"fact,":[107],"bypassing":[108],"parliament":[109],"ruling":[111],"by":[112],"presidential":[113],"decree":[114],"appear":[115,646],"customary.":[116],"Packing":[117],"courts":[119],"often":[120,354],"paves":[121],"way":[123,512],"for":[124,320,361,497,595,648],"heightened":[126],"concentration":[127],"discretionary":[129],"power":[130],"executive.":[133],"some":[135,323],"cases,":[136],"drafting":[137],"constitution":[140],"rigging":[142],"an":[143],"electoral":[144],"contest":[145],"allowed":[147],"incumbent":[149],"prolong":[151],"his":[152],"stay":[153],"office.":[155],"All":[156],"too":[157],"often,":[158],"violation":[160],"civil":[162],"rights":[163,518],"is":[164,329],"common,":[165],"devaluing":[166],"rule":[168],"law":[170],"eroding":[172],"foundations":[174],"citizenship.":[177],"Accordingly,":[178],"students":[179],"coined":[183],"variety":[185,630],"terms":[187,659],"capture":[189],"what":[190],"they":[191],"view":[192,546],"novel":[195],"form":[196],"political":[198,275,554],"order:":[199],"\"delegative,\"":[200],"\"imperfect,\"":[201],"\"illiberal,\"":[202],"\"immature\"":[204],"democracy,":[205,236,291],"among":[206,375],"many":[207],"more.1":[208],"Different":[209],"terminology":[210],"notwithstanding,":[211],"qualifiers":[213],"all":[214,400],"indicate":[215],"polities":[218],"not":[219,286,371],"only":[220,372],"differ":[221],"benchmark":[224],"democracies":[225,460,537,586,611],"West,":[228],"but":[229,292,378,494],"also":[230,379,495],"represent":[231],"diminished":[233,288],"version":[234],"\"half-baked\"":[238],"regime.":[239],"More":[240],"recently,":[241],"study":[243,584,677],"\"hybrid\"":[245],"systems":[246],"inspired":[248,682],"another":[249],"taxonomical":[250,346],"effort":[251,328],"based":[252,642],"qualifying":[254],"adjectives,":[255],"though":[256],"applied":[259],"authoritarianism.":[261,299],"To":[262,472,583],"depict":[263],"range":[265],"cases":[267,377],"allegedly":[268],"stuck":[269],"gray":[272],"zone":[273],"evolution,":[276],"[End":[278],"Page":[279],"113]":[280],"typological":[282],"exercise":[283],"labels":[284],"forms":[289],"instead":[293],"\"electoral,\"":[295],"\"competitive,\"":[296],"or":[297],"\"contested\"":[298],"Reproducing":[300],"logic":[302],"qualified":[304,528],"classification":[308],"now":[309,665],"highlights":[310],"\"enhanced":[311],"authoritarianism.\"2":[312],"We":[313,615],"call":[314],"intellectual":[316],"endeavor":[317],"into":[318],"question,":[319],"it":[321],"presents":[322],"critical":[324],"shortcomings.":[325],"First,":[326],"carried":[330],"out":[331],"basis":[334],"inconsistent":[336],"definitions":[337],"types":[341],"subtypes,":[343],"producing":[344],"system":[347],"with":[348,522],"blurred":[349],"boundaries.":[350],"The":[351,525,637,685],"outcome":[352],"conceptual":[356,543,599],"ambiguity":[357],"confusion,":[360],"resulting":[363],"palette":[364],"qualified,":[366],"yet":[367],"improperly":[368],"specified,":[369],"hinders":[373],"differentiation":[374],"clouds":[380],"basic":[382],"distinction":[383],"between":[384],"autocracy.":[387],"addition,":[389],"terminological":[391],"served":[394],"conceal":[396],"fundamental":[397],"traits":[398],"old":[402,534,608],"new,":[404],"Western":[405],"non-Western.":[407],"everyday":[409],"most":[412,655,686],"third-wave":[413],"may":[415],"be":[416,432],"considerably":[417],"less":[418],"effective":[419],"than":[420],"long-established":[422],"kinds":[425],"problems":[427,478],"both":[428],"face":[429],"tend":[430],"same:":[434],"inequalities":[435],"distribution":[438],"rights,":[440],"failures":[441],"checks":[443],"balances,":[445],"disenfranchisement":[446],"minorities,":[448],"low":[450],"governmental":[451],"accountability,":[452],"name":[454],"few.":[456],"Old":[457],"alike":[461],"thus":[463],"susceptible":[464],"delegation,":[466],"illiberalism,":[467],"other":[469],"suboptimal":[470],"outcomes.":[471],"great":[474],"extent,":[475],"shared":[477],"stem":[481],"its":[483],"distinctive":[484],"institutional":[485],"design":[486],"(where":[487],"different":[489,540],"branches":[490],"government":[492],"cooperate":[493],"compete":[496],"power)":[498],"character":[502],"citizenship":[505],"(which":[506],"evolved":[507],"historically":[508],"civil,":[514],"political,":[515],"social":[517],"were":[519],"contradiction":[521],"one":[523],"another).":[524],"literature":[526],"regimes,":[529],"contrast,":[531],"assumes":[532],"belong":[538],"universes,":[544],"ingrained":[547],"compartmentalization":[550],"knowledge":[552],"within":[553],"science.":[555],"This":[556],"disconnect":[557],"narrows":[558],"bounds":[560],"comparative":[562,596,618],"research,":[563],"just":[564],"American":[569,577],"exceptionalism":[570],"virtually":[572],"shielded":[573],"politics":[578],"world":[581],"outside.":[582],"actual":[585],"today,":[587],"we":[588],"need":[589,616],"more":[591,672],"level":[592],"playing":[593],"analysis,":[597],"where":[598],"innovations,":[600],"theoretical":[601],"insights,":[602],"lessons":[605],"travel":[606],"vice":[613],"versa.":[614],"broader":[617],"avenues":[619],"improve":[621],"our":[622],"understanding":[623],"enrich":[628],"agendas.":[633],"Qualified":[634],"Democracy":[635],"Revisited":[636],"current":[638],"proliferation":[639],"concepts":[641],"adjectives":[644],"might":[645],"necessary":[647],"development":[650],"scientific":[652],"discourse.":[653],"used":[660],"qualify":[662],"forgotten,":[666],"few":[668],"found":[670],"lasting":[673],"place":[674],"gray-zone":[679],"further":[683],"research.":[684],"prominent":[687],"Guillermo":[689],"O'Donnell's...":[690]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
