{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2066640907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.8.001393","title":"Gigahertz Optical Modulation","display_name":"Gigahertz Optical Modulation","publication_year":1969,"publication_date":"1969-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2066640907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.8.001393","mag":"2066640907","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20072445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.8.001393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.8.001393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.8.001393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015959943","display_name":"R. P. Riesz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. P. Riesz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, Holmdel, New Jersey 07733","Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, New Jersey 07733"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, Holmdel, New Jersey 07733","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, New Jersey 07733","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046717855","display_name":"M. R. Biazzo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. R. Biazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, Holmdel, New Jersey 07733","Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, New Jersey 07733"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, Holmdel, New Jersey 07733","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, New Jersey 07733","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6438,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81791575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"7","first_page":"1393","last_page":"1393"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13493","display_name":"Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10566","display_name":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-modulation","display_name":"optical modulation","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gunn-diodes","display_name":"Gunn diodes","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude-modulation","display_name":"amplitude modulation","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thin-film-substrates","display_name":"thin film substrates","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electro-optic-modulator","display_name":"electro-optic modulator","score":0.5879999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.818549633026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6919010877609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.6644694805145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201905106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183755","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.5920591354370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5735911726951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5605056881904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193690875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906767","display_name":"Optical modulator","level":4,"score":0.5559946894645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50831002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098873","display_name":"Optical modulation amplitude","level":4,"score":0.4857388138771057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72959635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166583","display_name":"Mode-locking","level":3,"score":0.48234766721725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21921428","display_name":"Crystal (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4791907072067261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.474359393119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.46071988344192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777289219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","level":2,"score":0.4519493281841278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121477167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154002","display_name":"Semiconductor laser theory","level":3,"score":0.45139241218566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.40820810198783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2328604757785797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101649071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359305","display_name":"Optical amplifier","level":3,"score":0.2051599621772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13523221015930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.0950731635093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.8.001393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.8.001393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.8.001393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20072445","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20072445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied optics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565022031","https://openalex.org/W1974355075","https://openalex.org/W1981037045","https://openalex.org/W2035136718","https://openalex.org/W2040502896","https://openalex.org/W2074334122","https://openalex.org/W2081821902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988903752","https://openalex.org/W2004727978","https://openalex.org/W2168500119","https://openalex.org/W2048821389","https://openalex.org/W1976639127","https://openalex.org/W2005523744","https://openalex.org/W314070537","https://openalex.org/W1971555148","https://openalex.org/W80137140","https://openalex.org/W2138135739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Light":[0],"pulses":[1,26],"from":[2,27],"a":[3,11,17,28,44],"mode-locked":[4],"He-Ne":[5],"laser":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8,38],"modulated":[9],"by":[10,25],"LiTaO(3)":[12],"electrooptic":[13],"crystal":[14,22],"mounted":[15],"on":[16],"thin":[18],"film":[19],"substrate.":[20],"The":[21],"was":[23],"driven":[24],"GaAs":[29],"Gunn":[30],"effect":[31],"diode.":[32],"Amplitude":[33],"modulation":[34],"of":[35],"20%":[36],"has":[37],"achieved":[39],"at":[40],"2":[41],"GHz":[42],"for":[43],"single":[45],"pass":[46],"through":[47],"the":[48],"modulator.":[49]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
