{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065950608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","title":"Initialization for robust inverse synthesis of phase-shifting masks in optical projection lithography","display_name":"Initialization for robust inverse synthesis of phase-shifting masks in optical projection lithography","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065950608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","mag":"2065950608","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18795012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.16.014746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007938446","display_name":"Stanley H. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5876-2073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5876-2073"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanley H. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imaging Systems Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong","Imaging Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imaging Systems Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imaging Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102093759","display_name":"Alfred K. K. Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfred K. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magma Design Automation Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magma Design Automation Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008832723","display_name":"Edmund Y. M. Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-950X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-950X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmund Y. Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imaging Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imaging Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":5.5395,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95712498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"19","first_page":"14746","last_page":"14746"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11338","display_name":"Advancements in Photolithography Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11338","display_name":"Advancements in Photolithography Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-lithography","display_name":"inverse lithography technology","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shifting-masks","display_name":"phase-shifting masks","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternating-phase-shifting-masks","display_name":"alternating phase-shifting masks","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-projection-lithography","display_name":"optical projection lithography","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photomask-design","display_name":"mask design","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization-scheme","display_name":"initialization scheme","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"dynamic programming","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution-enhancement-techniques","display_name":"resolution enhancement techniques","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-fidelity","display_name":"pattern fidelity","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-sensitivity","display_name":"dosage sensitivity","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-distortion","display_name":"pattern distortion","score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-problems","display_name":"inverse problems","score":0.35499998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.8300876617431641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7141016721725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204223013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133036","display_name":"Lithography","level":2,"score":0.6452231407165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6224996447563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.5915381908416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14737013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1319657","display_name":"Photomask","level":4,"score":0.5342276096343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57747864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180948","display_name":"Phase distortion","level":3,"score":0.5194872617721558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5122944116592407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78371743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1672829","display_name":"Optical proximity correction","level":3,"score":0.4843686521053314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81793267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180962","display_name":"Phase retrieval","level":3,"score":0.4711422026157379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105487726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622938","display_name":"Photolithography","level":2,"score":0.46594133973121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.420705109834671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.41195523738861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38847053050994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.29700738191604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53524968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315582","display_name":"Resist","level":3,"score":0.22375598549842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.17421960830688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15514379739761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1367751657962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13079458475112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007834","descriptor_name":"Lasers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008029","descriptor_name":"Lighting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.16.014746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18795012","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18795012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics express","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/58715","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/58715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.16.014746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.014746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1594489858","https://openalex.org/W1965779394","https://openalex.org/W1968303787","https://openalex.org/W1979556467","https://openalex.org/W1994482525","https://openalex.org/W1996818800","https://openalex.org/W1998745808","https://openalex.org/W2021247129","https://openalex.org/W2040861835","https://openalex.org/W2049034081","https://openalex.org/W2052857025","https://openalex.org/W2078607594","https://openalex.org/W2080608046","https://openalex.org/W2081213809","https://openalex.org/W2082807377","https://openalex.org/W2094050913","https://openalex.org/W2097415784","https://openalex.org/W2108782500","https://openalex.org/W2116306397","https://openalex.org/W2117541478","https://openalex.org/W2121030977","https://openalex.org/W2121826189","https://openalex.org/W2124931816","https://openalex.org/W2128294987","https://openalex.org/W2129996279","https://openalex.org/W2145008084","https://openalex.org/W2611684114","https://openalex.org/W2798368384","https://openalex.org/W3173138228"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116306397","https://openalex.org/W4320929827","https://openalex.org/W2021803269","https://openalex.org/W2072001656","https://openalex.org/W2094050913","https://openalex.org/W2383418029","https://openalex.org/W1970088444","https://openalex.org/W2436990387","https://openalex.org/W2082273308","https://openalex.org/W2319890579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"continuous":[1],"shrinkage":[2],"of":[3,56,67],"minimum":[4],"feature":[5],"size":[6],"in":[7,18,43,59],"integrated":[8],"circuit":[9,25],"(IC)":[10],"fabrication":[11],"incurs":[12],"more":[13,15],"and":[14,104,130],"serious":[16],"distortion":[17],"the":[19,31,54,60,94,97,120],"optical":[20],"projection":[21],"lithography":[22,58],"process,":[23],"generating":[24],"patterns":[26,98],"that":[27,96],"deviate":[28],"significantly":[29],"from":[30],"desired":[32],"ones.":[33],"Conventional":[34],"resolution":[35],"enhancement":[36],"techniques":[37],"(RETs)":[38],"are":[39,126,134,143],"facing":[40],"critical":[41],"challenges":[42],"compensating":[44],"such":[45],"increasingly":[46],"severe":[47],"distortion.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,139],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"adopt":[53],"approach":[55],"inverse":[57,75],"mask":[61],"design,":[62],"which":[63,142],"is":[64,109],"a":[65,112],"branch":[66],"design":[68,85],"methodology":[69],"to":[70,84,116,119,136],"treat":[71],"it":[72],"as":[73],"an":[74],"mathematical":[76],"problem.":[77],"We":[78],"focus":[79],"on":[80],"using":[81],"pixel-based":[82],"algorithms":[83],"alternating":[86,123],"phase-shifting":[87,124],"masks":[88,125],"with":[89,93,111,138],"minimally":[90],"distorted":[91],"output,":[92],"goal":[95],"generated":[99],"should":[100],"have":[101],"high":[102],"contrast":[103],"low":[105],"dose":[106],"sensitivity.":[107],"This":[108],"achieved":[110],"dynamic-programming-based":[113],"initialization":[114,140],"scheme":[115],"pre-assign":[117],"phases":[118],"layout":[121],"when":[122],"used.":[127],"Pattern":[128],"fidelity":[129],"worst":[131],"case":[132],"slopes":[133],"shown":[135],"improve":[137],"scheme,":[141],"important":[144],"for":[145],"robustness":[146],"considerations.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
