{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065890147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x","title":"Rates of tidal disruption of stars by massive central black holes","display_name":"Rates of tidal disruption of stars by massive central black holes","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065890147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x","mag":"2065890147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195663288","display_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8711","issn":["0035-8711","1365-2966","1365-8711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9902032","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080733073","display_name":"John Magorrian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6127-6957","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6127-6957"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Magorrian","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H8","Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083154228","display_name":"Scott D. Tremaine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-7180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-7180"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Tremaine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2310,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3046},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":444,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95676856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"309","issue":"2","first_page":"447","last_page":"460"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.08579999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tidal-disruption-events","display_name":"tidal disruption","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supermassive-black-holes","display_name":"supermassive black holes","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-nuclei","display_name":"galactic nuclei","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-body-relaxation","display_name":"two-body relaxation","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tidal-forces","display_name":"tidal forces","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-bulges","display_name":"galaxy bulges","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-density-cusp","display_name":"central density cusp","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-distribution-function","display_name":"stellar distribution function","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-hole-growth","display_name":"black hole growth","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dwarf-galaxies","display_name":"dwarf galaxies","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supernova-search","display_name":"supernova search","score":0.7369999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.7890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37119246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190438","display_name":"Dwarf galaxy","level":3,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98176478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6333","display_name":"Stellar dynamics","level":3,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5788528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042750","display_name":"Stellar mass loss","level":4,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173120059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40392","display_name":"Supermassive black hole","level":3,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50341732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","level":5,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86597896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223325","display_name":"Tidal force","level":2,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18609725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050633","display_name":"Intermediate-mass black hole","level":4,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168589115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079618","display_name":"Stellar mass","level":4,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170886286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748327","display_name":"Stellar collision","level":4,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205327720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5518150","display_name":"Galaxy merger","level":4,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18444321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368442","display_name":"Compact star","level":3,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105500671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047034","display_name":"Stellar black hole","level":3,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110472602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472","display_name":"Stellar evolution","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195663288","display_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8711","issn":["0035-8711","1365-2966","1365-8711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9902032","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9902032","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9902032","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:378208","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/378208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9902032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9902032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9902032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9902032","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9902032","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9902032","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G433322167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NAS5- 26555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","funder_display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G58316358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NAS 526555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6273510985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"26555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","funder_display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/036f5mx38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2065890147.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2065890147.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76241904","https://openalex.org/W95778848","https://openalex.org/W236104611","https://openalex.org/W1959329227","https://openalex.org/W1974984444","https://openalex.org/W1979526209","https://openalex.org/W1979718451","https://openalex.org/W1980454973","https://openalex.org/W1983552852","https://openalex.org/W1984294839","https://openalex.org/W1992521049","https://openalex.org/W1993082897","https://openalex.org/W1995061453","https://openalex.org/W1996944923","https://openalex.org/W1998728958","https://openalex.org/W1999848678","https://openalex.org/W2001207873","https://openalex.org/W2002044265","https://openalex.org/W2002693093","https://openalex.org/W2003901792","https://openalex.org/W2009530585","https://openalex.org/W2018902571","https://openalex.org/W2028675227","https://openalex.org/W2030977012","https://openalex.org/W2033725102","https://openalex.org/W2036544471","https://openalex.org/W2042516441","https://openalex.org/W2058657614","https://openalex.org/W2059861626","https://openalex.org/W2062298152","https://openalex.org/W2063131970","https://openalex.org/W2064697952","https://openalex.org/W2066650061","https://openalex.org/W2068771510","https://openalex.org/W2077639122","https://openalex.org/W2079785863","https://openalex.org/W2080998747","https://openalex.org/W2082017662","https://openalex.org/W2088337981","https://openalex.org/W2089126442","https://openalex.org/W2095305600","https://openalex.org/W2111841752","https://openalex.org/W2127984363","https://openalex.org/W2128089313","https://openalex.org/W2130182844","https://openalex.org/W2133778146","https://openalex.org/W2142297733","https://openalex.org/W2167232989","https://openalex.org/W2948909576","https://openalex.org/W2949228933","https://openalex.org/W3037873477","https://openalex.org/W4230237964","https://openalex.org/W4292861449","https://openalex.org/W7010021624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095758001","https://openalex.org/W2085139043","https://openalex.org/W7099057973","https://openalex.org/W3103546608","https://openalex.org/W3012918178","https://openalex.org/W2065102349","https://openalex.org/W7097678228","https://openalex.org/W7099472561","https://openalex.org/W2069981283","https://openalex.org/W1602282659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,176],"strong":[2],"evidence":[3],"for":[4],"some":[5],"kind":[6],"of":[7,14,20,39,48,56,60,147,156,167,173,177,180,184],"massive":[8,109],"dark":[9],"object":[10],"in":[11,44,71,84,113,160,198],"the":[12,40,54,57,120,140,145,148,154,171,174,178,194],"centres":[13],"many":[15],"galaxy":[16,175,185],"bulges.":[17],"The":[18,74,164],"detection":[19],"flares":[21,132,159],"from":[22],"tidally":[23],"disrupted":[24,188],"stars":[25,61,112,129,168,189],"could":[26,130],"confirm":[27],"that":[28],"these":[29],"objects":[30],"are":[31,98,116],"black":[32],"holes":[33],"(BHs).":[34],"Here":[35],"we":[36],"present":[37,195],"calculations":[38],"stellar":[41,149],"disruption":[42,76,158],"rates":[43,77],"detailed":[45],"dynamical":[46],"models":[47],"real":[49],"galaxies,":[50,88],"taking":[51],"into":[52],"account":[53],"refilling":[55],"loss":[58],"cone":[59],"on":[62,144],"disruptable":[63],"orbits":[64],"by":[65,119],"two-body":[66],"relaxation":[67,105],"and":[68,101,107,122],"tidal":[69],"forces":[70],"non-spherical":[72],"galaxies.":[73],"highest":[75],"(one":[78],"star":[79],"per":[80],"104":[81],"yr)":[82],"occur":[83],"faint":[85],"(L\u22721010":[86],"L\u2299)":[87],"which":[89],"have":[90,102],"steep":[91],"central":[92],"density":[93],"cusps.":[94],"More":[95],"luminous":[96],"galaxies":[97,115,199],"less":[99],"dense":[100],"much":[103],"longer":[104],"times":[106],"more":[108],"BHs.":[110],"Dwarf":[111],"such":[114],"swallowed":[117],"whole":[118],"BH":[121,196],"hence":[123],"do":[124],"not":[125],"emit":[126],"flares;":[127],"giant":[128],"produce":[131],"as":[133,135],"often":[134],"every":[136],"105":[137],"yr,":[138],"although":[139],"rate":[141],"depends":[142],"sensitively":[143],"shape":[146],"distribution":[150],"function.":[151],"We":[152],"discuss":[153],"possibility":[155],"detecting":[157],"current":[161],"supernova":[162],"searches.":[163],"total":[165],"mass":[166,197],"consumed":[169],"over":[170],"lifetime":[172],"order":[179],"106":[181],"M\u2299,":[182],"independent":[183],"luminosity;":[186],"thus,":[187],"may":[190],"contribute":[191],"significantly":[192],"to":[193],"fainter":[200],"than":[201],"\u223c109":[202],"L\u2299.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
