{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065715438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.016725","title":"Epidemiology of the third wave of tobacco litigation in the United States, 1994\u20132005","display_name":"Epidemiology of the third wave of tobacco litigation in the United States, 1994\u20132005","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065715438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.016725","mag":"2065715438","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17130629","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2563581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/tc.2006.016725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.016725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.016725","pdf_url":"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/15/suppl_4/iv9.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149729710","display_name":"Tobacco Control","issn_l":"0964-4563","issn":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/15/suppl_4/iv9.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025000630","display_name":"Clifford E. Douglas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clifford E Douglas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tobacco Control Law & Policy Consulting, 3189 Rumsey Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-3437, USA. cdouglas@comcast.net","3189 Rumsey Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-3437, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tobacco Control Law & Policy Consulting, 3189 Rumsey Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-3437, USA. cdouglas@comcast.net","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3189 Rumsey Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-3437, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109547970","display_name":"Ronald M. Davis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154057602","display_name":"Henry Ford Health","ror":"https://ror.org/02kwnkm68","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald M Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154057602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020197187","display_name":"John K Beasley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087138","display_name":"Michigan Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/003m0tv02","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087138"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John K Beasley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Tobacco Use Prevention and Research, Michigan Public Health Institute, Okemos, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Tobacco Use Prevention and Research, Michigan Public Health Institute, Okemos, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025000630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4436,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93789545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"suppl 4","first_page":"iv9","last_page":"iv16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12816","display_name":"Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology","score":0.6875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12816","display_name":"Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology","score":0.6875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.29100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-litigation","display_name":"tobacco litigation","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-industry","display_name":"tobacco industry","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-actions","display_name":"class actions","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/litigation-outcomes","display_name":"litigation outcomes","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philip-morris","display_name":"Philip Morris","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-industry-lobbying","display_name":"tobacco industry lobbying","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97460637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468489","display_name":"Plaintiff","level":2,"score":0.8447531461715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907703","display_name":"Tobacco industry","level":2,"score":0.8121154308319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777134139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697327","display_name":"Lawsuit","level":2,"score":0.7186863422393799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5268855094909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4590119421482086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.45800304412841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38793396949768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3704591393470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.32917141914367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.120770663022995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001109","descriptor_name":"Archives","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003257","descriptor_name":"Consumer Product Safety","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016365","descriptor_name":"Liability, Legal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019460","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019460","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019460","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/tc.2006.016725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.016725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.016725","pdf_url":"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/15/suppl_4/iv9.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149729710","display_name":"Tobacco Control","issn_l":"0964-4563","issn":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2563581","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2563581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tob Control","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:17130629","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17130629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco control","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:tobaccocontrol:15/suppl_4/iv9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/15/suppl_4/iv9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/tc.2006.016725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.016725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.016725","pdf_url":"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/15/suppl_4/iv9.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149729710","display_name":"Tobacco Control","issn_l":"0964-4563","issn":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4744973154","display_name":"ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO DEPOSITIONS AND TRIAL TESTIMONY","funder_award_id":"R01CA087486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8886823198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA087486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312908","display_name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2065715438.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2065715438.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86012911","https://openalex.org/W593395371","https://openalex.org/W2107153034","https://openalex.org/W2148091767","https://openalex.org/W2620654130","https://openalex.org/W4246178852","https://openalex.org/W4388171956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2400590668","https://openalex.org/W86012911","https://openalex.org/W1517524278","https://openalex.org/W2129892374","https://openalex.org/W2072134571","https://openalex.org/W2064210968","https://openalex.org/W1971517949","https://openalex.org/W2429937499","https://openalex.org/W2214039738","https://openalex.org/W2399281403"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"describe":[2],"the":[3,8,12,16,21,30,33,43,47,57,61,74,81,96,122,136,146,152,164,205,214,229,246,276,291,301,308,348,352,376,403],"epidemiology":[4],"of":[5,24,32,37,52,63,107,141,156,167,180,186,188,204,231,237,249,286,336,375,402],"litigation":[6,48,238,303,338],"against":[7,66,240],"tobacco":[9,25,67,71,82,119,173,302,317,337,349,360],"industry":[10,174,242,318,350],"in":[11,39,95,113,197,253,267,273,300,344,351,356,387],"United":[13,353],"States":[14,354],"during":[15,73,213],"years":[17,215],"1994-2005":[18],"(described":[19],"as":[20],"\"third":[22],"wave\"":[23],"litigation).":[26],"\"Epidemiology\"":[27],"refers":[28],"to":[29,46,56,211,288,297,307,311,321,346,363,367,372,381,399],"study":[31],"distribution":[34],"and":[35,69,77,99,109,125,132,158,182,192,315,326],"determinants":[36],"disease":[38],"populations.":[40],"We":[41],"apply":[42],"term":[44],"\"epidemiology\"":[45],"context":[49],"for":[50,87],"purposes":[51],"characterising":[53],"qualitatively":[54],"and,":[55],"extent":[58],"possible,":[59],"quantitatively":[60],"variety":[62,140,185],"cases":[64,93,207,250,370,377],"litigated":[65],"manufacturers":[68,120,361],"allied":[70],"interests":[72],"third":[75,334],"wave":[76,335],"their":[78,330,365],"impact":[79],"on":[80,234],"industry.":[83],"METHODS:":[84],"The":[85,171,333],"data":[86],"this":[88],"paper":[89],"come":[90],"from":[91,283],"legal":[92,159],"identified":[94],"Tobacco":[97,147],"Deposition":[98],"Trial":[100],"Testimony":[101],"Archive":[102],"(DATTA)":[103],"collection":[104],"(http://tobaccodocuments.org/datta),":[105],"transcripts":[106],"testimony":[108],"related":[110],"documents":[111,143,161],"found":[112],"DATTA,":[114],"government-mandated":[115],"reports":[116,131],"filed":[117],"by":[118,135,145,163,313],"with":[121,305,385],"US":[123,172,241],"Securities":[124],"Exchange":[126],"Commission,":[127],"investment":[128],"company":[129],"reports,":[130],"analyses":[133],"published":[134],"news":[137],"media,":[138],"a":[139,176,183,284,341],"informational":[142],"produced":[144],"Control":[148],"Resource":[149],"Center":[150],"at":[151],"Northeastern":[153],"University":[154],"School":[155],"Law,":[157],"settlement":[160],"provided":[162],"National":[165],"Association":[166],"Attorneys":[168],"General.":[169],"RESULTS:":[170],"faced":[175],"far":[177,323],"greater":[178,184,324],"number":[179,248],"lawsuits,":[181],"types":[187],"lawsuit,":[189],"between":[190],"1994":[191],"2005":[193],"than":[194,329],"it":[195],"had":[196],"previous":[198],"years.":[199],"Plaintiffs":[200],"won":[201],"31":[202],"(41%)":[203],"75":[206],"that":[208,378,392],"were":[209,265,271],"tried":[210],"verdict":[212],"1995-2005.":[216],"Seven":[217],"plaintiffs":[218,314],"have":[219,379,383],"been":[220,295],"paid":[221],"awards":[222],"totalling":[223],"US$115":[224],"million,":[225],"including":[226],"interest,":[227],"following":[228],"exhaustion":[230],"appeals.":[232],"Based":[233],"an":[235],"evaluation":[236],"brought":[239,310],"leader":[243],"Philip":[244],"Morris,":[245],"total":[247,285],"pending":[251,266,272],"peaked":[252],"2000,":[254,268],"dropping":[255],"off":[256],"modestly":[257],"since":[258],"then.":[259],"For":[260],"example,":[261],"36":[262],"class":[263],"actions":[264,281],"while":[269],"33":[270],"2005.":[274],"In":[275],"same":[277],"time":[278],"period,":[279],"individual":[280],"fell":[282],"3385":[287],"2863.":[289],"While":[290,359],"playing":[292],"field":[293],"has":[294,339],"levelled":[296],"some":[298],"degree":[299],"arena":[304],"respect":[306],"resources":[309,328],"bear":[312],"defendants,":[316],"defendants":[319],"continue":[320,362],"employ":[322],"financial":[325],"human":[327],"adversaries.":[331],"CONCLUSIONS:":[332],"represented":[340],"sea":[342],"change":[343],"efforts":[345],"hold":[347],"accountable":[355],"American":[357],"courtrooms.":[358],"do":[364],"utmost":[366],"make":[368],"these":[369],"difficult":[371],"pursue,":[373],"many":[374],"gone":[380],"trial":[382],"met":[384],"success":[386],"recent":[388],"years,":[389],"which":[390],"suggests":[391],"plaintiffs'":[393],"lawyers":[394],"are":[395],"now":[396],"better":[397],"equipped":[398],"persuade":[400],"juries":[401],"defendants'":[404],"culpability.":[405]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
