{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065699321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-457","title":"The Pathogenesis of Sepsis","display_name":"The Pathogenesis of Sepsis","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065699321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-457","mag":"2065699321","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1872494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119722071","display_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-4819","issn":["0003-4819","1539-3704"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316812","host_organization_name":"American College of Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316812"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American College of Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2065699321"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113626386","display_name":"Roger C. Bone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285301757","display_name":"Rush University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01j7c0b24","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49886154","display_name":"Rush University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k9xac83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roger C. Bone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757","https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113626386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757","https://openalex.org/I49886154"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.8932,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1366,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"115","issue":"6","first_page":"457","last_page":"469"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14165","display_name":"Inflammation biomarkers and pathways","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10371","display_name":"Immune Response and Inflammation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis-pathogenesis","display_name":"sepsis pathogenesis","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/septic-shock","display_name":"septic shock","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis","display_name":"sepsis","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tnf-alpha","display_name":"TNF-\u03b1","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukins","display_name":"interleukins","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platelet-activating-factor","display_name":"platelet-activating factor","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leukotrienes","display_name":"leukotrienes","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thromboxane-a2","display_name":"thromboxane A2","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement-activation","display_name":"complement activation","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrophil-activation","display_name":"neutrophil activation","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platelet-activation","display_name":"platelet activation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-adhesion-molecules","display_name":"adhesion molecules","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinins","display_name":"kinins","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thrombin","display_name":"thrombin","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myocardial-depressant-factor","display_name":"myocardial depressant factor","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-endorphin","display_name":"beta-endorphin","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-shock-proteins","display_name":"heat shock proteins","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelin-1","display_name":"endothelin-1","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelium-derived-relaxing-factor","display_name":"endothelium-derived relaxing factor","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-4","display_name":"IL-4","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-8","display_name":"interleukin-8","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelial-injury","display_name":"endothelial injury","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammation","display_name":"inflammation","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778384902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183134","display_name":"Sepsis","level":2,"score":0.7926689982414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7253948450088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.6249886751174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17991360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21173843","display_name":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha","level":2,"score":0.622267484664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.598362386226654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.5608911514282227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777628635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1765564","display_name":"Septic shock","level":3,"score":0.49803948402404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127561419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224527","display_name":"Downregulation and upregulation","level":3,"score":0.4485364258289337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.4403707981109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2107291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14886885","display_name":"Mediator","level":2,"score":0.42952096462249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2205851972103119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13005751371383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001424","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001424","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001424","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007378","descriptor_name":"Interleukins","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012772","descriptor_name":"Shock, Septic","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012772","descriptor_name":"Shock, Septic","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012772","descriptor_name":"Shock, Septic","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014409","descriptor_name":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119722071","display_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-4819","issn":["0003-4819","1539-3704"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316812","host_organization_name":"American College of Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316812"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American College of Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1872494","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1872494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of internal medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.824.7787","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.824.7787","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://annals.org/data/Journals/AIM/19734/AIME199109150-00008.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136462","https://openalex.org/W195382608","https://openalex.org/W230712602","https://openalex.org/W942421075","https://openalex.org/W973507524","https://openalex.org/W1481636931","https://openalex.org/W1501976972","https://openalex.org/W1512443712","https://openalex.org/W1516684647","https://openalex.org/W1524123582","https://openalex.org/W1559121852","https://openalex.org/W1564545106","https://openalex.org/W1587142652","https://openalex.org/W1788833132","https://openalex.org/W1833207062","https://openalex.org/W1870523313","https://openalex.org/W1951445532","https://openalex.org/W1968249471","https://openalex.org/W1969719203","https://openalex.org/W1970144442","https://openalex.org/W1971085756","https://openalex.org/W1973138645","https://openalex.org/W1973313699","https://openalex.org/W1975213100","https://openalex.org/W1977174438","https://openalex.org/W1977389491","https://openalex.org/W1980832959","https://openalex.org/W1986528809","https://openalex.org/W1986992784","https://openalex.org/W1987146416","https://openalex.org/W1989494457","https://openalex.org/W1991396016","https://openalex.org/W1994263991","https://openalex.org/W1994699431","https://openalex.org/W1996794055","https://openalex.org/W1997385454","https://openalex.org/W1997451389","https://openalex.org/W1999232356","https://openalex.org/W1999246265","https://openalex.org/W1999558856","https://openalex.org/W2002216094","https://openalex.org/W2003407199","https://openalex.org/W2005111715","https://openalex.org/W2005609146","https://openalex.org/W2008856935","https://openalex.org/W2010893307","https://openalex.org/W2011199158","https://openalex.org/W2011291552","https://openalex.org/W2013114215","https://openalex.org/W2014020386","https://openalex.org/W2014444795","https://openalex.org/W2019062807","https://openalex.org/W2022221099","https://openalex.org/W2023213942","https://openalex.org/W2023908228","https://openalex.org/W2025001062","https://openalex.org/W2025126559","https://openalex.org/W2025225221","https://openalex.org/W2025441604","https://openalex.org/W2026080578","https://openalex.org/W2030998727","https://openalex.org/W2031833522","https://openalex.org/W2033752286","https://openalex.org/W2034672042","https://openalex.org/W2035808814","https://openalex.org/W2038434279","https://openalex.org/W2038686079","https://openalex.org/W2038853037","https://openalex.org/W2040179836","https://openalex.org/W2041636767","https://openalex.org/W2042749680","https://openalex.org/W2048129393","https://openalex.org/W2049625691","https://openalex.org/W2056225363","https://openalex.org/W2057123987","https://openalex.org/W2061588012","https://openalex.org/W2062199188","https://openalex.org/W2062743095","https://openalex.org/W2063041173","https://openalex.org/W2063803819","https://openalex.org/W2067219370","https://openalex.org/W2072863715","https://openalex.org/W2074829687","https://openalex.org/W2075023013","https://openalex.org/W2076444960","https://openalex.org/W2077012274","https://openalex.org/W2077563196","https://openalex.org/W2078768219","https://openalex.org/W2079008038","https://openalex.org/W2079865517","https://openalex.org/W2081179329","https://openalex.org/W2081852297","https://openalex.org/W2084500141","https://openalex.org/W2088866975","https://openalex.org/W2089997182","https://openalex.org/W2092722790","https://openalex.org/W2104840130","https://openalex.org/W2105054347","https://openalex.org/W2106352950","https://openalex.org/W2112236391","https://openalex.org/W2114537694","https://openalex.org/W2116954872","https://openalex.org/W2118872783","https://openalex.org/W2126342903","https://openalex.org/W2131550766","https://openalex.org/W2140769991","https://openalex.org/W2141685355","https://openalex.org/W2142585662","https://openalex.org/W2148860016","https://openalex.org/W2149470050","https://openalex.org/W2154658551","https://openalex.org/W2159297751","https://openalex.org/W2166542918","https://openalex.org/W2168778421","https://openalex.org/W2170992825","https://openalex.org/W2174817668","https://openalex.org/W2213519365","https://openalex.org/W2261984195","https://openalex.org/W2279912340","https://openalex.org/W2319070317","https://openalex.org/W2321427723","https://openalex.org/W2323870293","https://openalex.org/W2324476825","https://openalex.org/W2327269495","https://openalex.org/W2336871225","https://openalex.org/W2338841990","https://openalex.org/W2396345214","https://openalex.org/W2400956860","https://openalex.org/W2409446422","https://openalex.org/W2413164213","https://openalex.org/W2413224773","https://openalex.org/W2414475801","https://openalex.org/W2616307005","https://openalex.org/W4206163632","https://openalex.org/W4232576781","https://openalex.org/W4233474789","https://openalex.org/W4234189167","https://openalex.org/W4237458923","https://openalex.org/W4298273896","https://openalex.org/W4300562921","https://openalex.org/W4301003610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1769421195","https://openalex.org/W291402996","https://openalex.org/W4391740432","https://openalex.org/W7098300215","https://openalex.org/W3192185453","https://openalex.org/W2073456593","https://openalex.org/W2089651166","https://openalex.org/W4239572948","https://openalex.org/W4247720635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sepsis":[0],"and":[1,6,12,44,51,77,84,91,135,172,204,214],"its":[2,246],"sequelae":[3],"(sepsis":[4],"syndrome":[5],"septic":[7],"shock)":[8],"are":[9,13,86,123],"increasingly":[10],"common":[11],"still":[14],"potentially":[15],"lethal":[16],"diagnoses.":[17],"Many":[18],"mediators":[19,193],"of":[20,23,46,104,132,160,162,169,175,191,197,235],"the":[21,47,65,89,128,158,163,166,173,176,186,195,240],"pathogenesis":[22],"sepsis":[24,66,105,154,209],"have":[25],"recently":[26],"been":[27,115],"described.":[28],"These":[29],"include":[30,68],"tumor":[31],"necrosis":[32],"factor":[33,83],"alpha":[34,113],"(TNF":[35],"alpha),":[36],"interleukins,":[37],"platelet":[38,52],"activating":[39],"factor,":[40],"leukotrienes,":[41],"thromboxane":[42],"A2,":[43],"activators":[45],"complement":[48],"cascade.":[49],"Neutrophil":[50],"activation":[53,161],"may":[54,62],"also":[55],"play":[56],"a":[57,95,233],"role.":[58,120],"Other":[59],"agents":[60],"that":[61,153,224],"participate":[63],"in":[64,137,208,238],"cascade":[67],"adhesion":[69],"molecules,":[70],"kinins,":[71],"thrombin,":[72],"myocardial":[73],"depressant":[74],"substance,":[75],"beta-endorphin,":[76],"heat":[78],"shock":[79],"proteins.":[80],"Endothelium-derived":[81],"relaxing":[82],"endothelin-1":[85],"released":[87],"from":[88,212],"endothelium":[90],"seem":[92,108],"to":[93,109,125,127,157,179,232],"exert":[94],"regulatory":[96],"effect,":[97],"counterbalancing":[98],"each":[99],"other.":[100],"A":[101],"central":[102],"mediator":[103],"does":[106],"not":[107],"exist,":[110],"although":[111],"TNF":[112],"has":[114],"commonly":[116],"proposed":[117],"for":[118],"this":[119,230],"Animal":[121],"studies":[122],"difficult":[124],"extrapolate":[126],"clinical":[129],"setting":[130],"because":[131],"cross-species":[133],"differences":[134],"variations":[136],"experimental":[138],"design.":[139],"Rather":[140],"than":[141],"being":[142],"caused":[143],"by":[144],"any":[145],"single":[146],"pathogenic":[147],"mechanism,":[148],"it":[149],"is":[150,155,185],"more":[151],"likely":[152],"related":[156],"state":[159,234],"target":[164,177],"cell,":[165],"nearby":[167],"presence":[168],"other":[170,181],"mediators,":[171],"ability":[174],"cell":[178],"release":[180],"mediators.":[182],"Also":[183],"important":[184],"downregulation":[187,225],"or":[188,194],"negative":[189],"feedback":[190],"these":[192,219],"generation":[196],"natural":[198],"inflammation":[199],"inhibitors,":[200],"such":[201],"as":[202],"interleukin-4":[203],"interleukin-8.":[205],"Endothelial":[206],"damage":[207,223],"probably":[210],"results":[211],"persistent":[213],"repetitive":[215],"inflammatory":[216,248],"insults.":[217],"Eventually,":[218],"insults":[220],"produce":[221],"sufficient":[222],"can":[226,242],"no":[227,243],"longer":[228,244],"occur;":[229],"leads":[231],"metabolic":[236],"anarchy":[237],"which":[239],"body":[241],"control":[245],"own":[247],"response.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
