{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065610460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.13.000689","title":"Uncertainty experiments support the roles of second-order mechanisms in spatial frequency and orientation discriminations","display_name":"Uncertainty experiments support the roles of second-order mechanisms in spatial frequency and orientation discriminations","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065610460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.13.000689","mag":"2065610460","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8867753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/josaa.13.000689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.13.000689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.13.000689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130108588","display_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A","issn_l":"1084-7529","issn":["1084-7529","1520-8532"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102504686","display_name":"James P. Thomas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James P. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1563, USA","Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1563, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1563, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1563, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061260110","display_name":"Lynn A. Olzak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lynn A. Olzak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1563, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1563, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.989,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91581861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"689","last_page":"689"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10788","display_name":"Neuroscience and Music Perception","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-frequency-discrimination","display_name":"spatial frequency discrimination","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation-discrimination","display_name":"orientation discrimination","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-effect","display_name":"uncertainty effect","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cortex","display_name":"visual cortex","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100921725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650811","display_name":"Spatial frequency","level":2,"score":0.7332597374916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.6967066526412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6521068811416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5592427849769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4151771664619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3542550504207611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23164904117584229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.20936626195907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08738818764686584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009949","descriptor_name":"Orientation","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014785","descriptor_name":"Vision, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/josaa.13.000689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.13.000689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.13.000689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130108588","display_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A","issn_l":"1084-7529","issn":["1084-7529","1520-8532"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8867753","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8867753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1050592207","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EY00360","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971493262","https://openalex.org/W1985491874","https://openalex.org/W1987781103","https://openalex.org/W1998133766","https://openalex.org/W2003222406","https://openalex.org/W2006696885","https://openalex.org/W2016694490","https://openalex.org/W2030137842","https://openalex.org/W2030826185","https://openalex.org/W2058916018","https://openalex.org/W2065399917","https://openalex.org/W2152723495","https://openalex.org/W2164544718","https://openalex.org/W2171181782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979400564","https://openalex.org/W2008252869","https://openalex.org/W1985491874","https://openalex.org/W2021726945","https://openalex.org/W2011878799","https://openalex.org/W1984627649","https://openalex.org/W2044511466","https://openalex.org/W2003222406","https://openalex.org/W3033293274","https://openalex.org/W1998133766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"studies":[1],"of":[2,16,47,64,110,124,143],"spatial":[3,24,42,135],"frequency":[4,25,43,136],"and":[5,27,32,38,103,107,138],"orientation":[6,36,149],"discrimination":[7],"[Vision":[8],"Res.":[9],"32,":[10],"1885":[11],"(1992)]":[12],"suggest":[13],"the":[14,58,71,77,91,111,115,122,125,140,144],"existence":[15,46,123],"two":[17,65],"second-order":[18],"cortical":[19],"mechanisms:":[20],"one":[21,33],"that":[22,34],"mediates":[23,35],"discriminations":[26,37],"sums":[28,39],"signals":[29,40,68,92,116],"across":[30,41],"orientations":[31],"bands.":[44],"The":[45],"each":[48],"mechanism":[49,146],"is":[50,79,88],"tested":[51],"in":[52,56,133,147],"an":[53,80],"uncertainty":[54,86],"experiment":[55],"which":[57,63],"observer":[59],"does":[60],"not":[61,129],"know":[62],"hypothetically":[66],"pooled":[67],"deviates":[69],"from":[70],"standard":[72],"but":[73,128],"must":[74],"judge":[75],"whether":[76],"deviation":[78],"increment":[81],"or":[82],"a":[83],"decrement.":[84],"No":[85],"effect":[87],"expected":[89,113],"if":[90,114],"are":[93,98,117],"completely":[94],"pooled.":[95],"Observed":[96],"effects":[97,112],"compared":[99],"with":[100,104],"this":[101],"expectation":[102],"both":[105],"theoretical":[106],"empirical":[108],"estimates":[109],"processed":[118],"separately.":[119],"Results":[120],"support":[121,139],"first":[126],"mechanism,":[127],"its":[130],"exclusive":[131,141],"role":[132,142],"mediating":[134,148],"judgments,":[137],"second":[145],"judgments.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
