{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065166285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/467385","title":"The Market For Congressional Votes: Is Timing of Contributions Everything?","display_name":"The Market For Congressional Votes: Is Timing of Contributions Everything?","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065166285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/467385","mag":"2065166285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/467385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/467385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/467385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S998097505","display_name":"The Journal of Law and Economics","issn_l":"0022-2186","issn":["0022-2186","1537-5285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089785321","display_name":"Thomas Stratmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-5897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-5897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Stratmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Montana State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montana State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089785321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.9938,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":161,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98536633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"85","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.07320000231266022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-action-committees","display_name":"political action committees","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campaign-contributions","display_name":"campaign contributions","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-enforcement","display_name":"contract enforcement","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campaign-finance","display_name":"campaign finance","score":0.4970000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357432","display_name":"Cheating","level":2,"score":0.8482257127761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.7504222393035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.7297899127006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6906114220619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.48508015275001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780849931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145277","display_name":"House of Representatives","level":3,"score":0.4758282005786896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4634959399700165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4468020796775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.419198602437973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.40427568554878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.397514671087265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38441532850265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.27235573530197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20567673444747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12125027179718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.10200446844100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/467385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/467385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/467385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S998097505","display_name":"The Journal of Law and Economics","issn_l":"0022-2186","issn":["0022-2186","1537-5285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:chicagounbound.uchicago.edu:jle-1933","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jle/vol41/iss1/3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539638511","https://openalex.org/W1554537187","https://openalex.org/W1949462001","https://openalex.org/W1971758191","https://openalex.org/W1986105933","https://openalex.org/W1987936802","https://openalex.org/W2016999666","https://openalex.org/W2027757195","https://openalex.org/W2030097867","https://openalex.org/W2038891097","https://openalex.org/W2053776936","https://openalex.org/W2060140102","https://openalex.org/W2065302368","https://openalex.org/W2066557547","https://openalex.org/W2067591184","https://openalex.org/W2071314578","https://openalex.org/W2082280388","https://openalex.org/W2091691208","https://openalex.org/W2098910318","https://openalex.org/W2101348935","https://openalex.org/W2109255373","https://openalex.org/W2320362494","https://openalex.org/W2329633579","https://openalex.org/W3023117367","https://openalex.org/W3124567902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329633579","https://openalex.org/W840845182","https://openalex.org/W2053776936","https://openalex.org/W2332040456","https://openalex.org/W2104577349","https://openalex.org/W1576440451","https://openalex.org/W2161406797","https://openalex.org/W2137491709","https://openalex.org/W2072261812","https://openalex.org/W2116640308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"utilizes":[2],"the":[3,11,52,74,87,119],"timing":[4,88,120],"of":[5,13,57,65,76,89,121],"campaign":[6],"contributions":[7,67,90,122],"to":[8,19,25,41,46,59,95,105,126],"identify":[9],"whether":[10],"objective":[12],"Political":[14],"Action":[15],"Committees":[16],"(PACs)":[17],"is":[18,36,68],"influence":[20,47],"congressional":[21,43],"votes":[22,44],"or":[23],"solely":[24],"elect":[26],"a":[27,124],"preferred":[28],"candidate.":[29],"The":[30,63,70],"results":[31],"show":[32,115],"that":[33,116],"PAC":[34],"behavior":[35],"consistent":[37],"with":[38],"an":[39,92],"attempt":[40],"purchase":[42],"and":[45,61],"elections.":[48,62],"Contributions":[49],"increase":[50],"in":[51,80],"weeks":[53],"surrounding":[54],"legislative":[55],"events":[56],"importance":[58],"PACs":[60,117],"magnitude":[64],"increased":[66],"examined.":[69],"article":[71],"also":[72],"addresses":[73],"lack":[75],"legal":[77],"enforcement":[78],"mechanisms":[79],"vote\u2010for\u2010contribution":[81,132],"agreements.":[82,113],"It":[83],"develops":[84],"hypotheses":[85],"regarding":[86,102],"as":[91,123],"inexpensive":[93],"mechanism":[94,125],"assure":[96],"contractual":[97],"performance.":[98],"Hypotheses":[99],"are":[100],"tested":[101],"PACs'":[103],"incentives":[104],"mitigate":[106],"potential":[107],"cheating":[108],"by":[109],"legislators":[110,128],"on":[111,131],"such":[112],"Results":[114],"use":[118],"prevent":[127],"from":[129],"reneging":[130],"trades.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}