{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2064831766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027","title":"Plantation science: improving natural indigo in colonial India, 1860\u20131913","display_name":"Plantation science: improving natural indigo in colonial India, 1860\u20131913","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2064831766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027","mag":"2064831766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007087407000027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/428C51DDE5FDB86C4841FEAE9CBDD648/S0007087407000027a.pdf/div-class-title-plantation-science-improving-natural-indigo-in-colonial-india-1860-1913-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70812101","display_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","issn_l":"0007-0874","issn":["0007-0874","1474-001X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/428C51DDE5FDB86C4841FEAE9CBDD648/S0007087407000027a.pdf/div-class-title-plantation-science-improving-natural-indigo-in-colonial-india-1860-1913-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043894955","display_name":"Prakash Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-5745","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-5745"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"PRAKASH KUMAR","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prakash Kumar, Department of History, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Email:","*Prakash Kumar, Department of History, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Email: prakash.kumar@colostate.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prakash Kumar, Department of History, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Email:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"*Prakash Kumar, Department of History, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Email: prakash.kumar@colostate.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043894955"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2992,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94449481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"537","last_page":"565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14517","display_name":"Diverse Historical and Scientific Studies","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-indigo","display_name":"natural indigo","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigo-cultivation","display_name":"indigo cultivation","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-indigo","display_name":"synthetic indigo","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-india","display_name":"colonial India","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dye-industry","display_name":"dye industry","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-science","display_name":"colonial science","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperial-science","display_name":"imperial science","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basf","display_name":"BASF","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hoechst","display_name":"Hoechst","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nineteenth-century-science","display_name":"19th-century science","score":0.328000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142316359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5967009","display_name":"Indigo","level":2,"score":0.9164974093437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.7735847234725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5822504758834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.5135048031806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.5076464414596558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.49443626403808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44009676575660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4363539218902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3811316192150116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.3644059896469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3443121016025543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.32435786724090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2470192313194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.23729723691940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18016931414604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.13208594918251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12856927514076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.12537506222724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0611233115196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007087407000027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/428C51DDE5FDB86C4841FEAE9CBDD648/S0007087407000027a.pdf/div-class-title-plantation-science-improving-natural-indigo-in-colonial-india-1860-1913-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70812101","display_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","issn_l":"0007-0874","issn":["0007-0874","1474-001X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007087407000027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/428C51DDE5FDB86C4841FEAE9CBDD648/S0007087407000027a.pdf/div-class-title-plantation-science-improving-natural-indigo-in-colonial-india-1860-1913-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70812101","display_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","issn_l":"0007-0874","issn":["0007-0874","1474-001X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8238394424","display_name":"Dissertation Research:  The Technological Transition from Natural to Artificial Indigo from the Perspectives of Science, Commerce, and Politics in Colonial India, c. 1860-1914","funder_award_id":"0350040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2064831766.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2064831766.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965019638","https://openalex.org/W1976333765","https://openalex.org/W1987096371","https://openalex.org/W2002003428","https://openalex.org/W2013793723","https://openalex.org/W2040482944","https://openalex.org/W2052091353","https://openalex.org/W2081907549","https://openalex.org/W2102525867","https://openalex.org/W2123176153","https://openalex.org/W2129482979","https://openalex.org/W2158025036","https://openalex.org/W2290947272"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2516249259","https://openalex.org/W2316016669","https://openalex.org/W603883827","https://openalex.org/W4247358456","https://openalex.org/W7029235483","https://openalex.org/W1982991258","https://openalex.org/W4253062932","https://openalex.org/W1987096371","https://openalex.org/W2008601005","https://openalex.org/W4378473311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2,120],"explores":[3],"the":[4,16,21,24,41,48,52,88,91,96,99,107,122,129,133,138,145],"transition":[5],"to":[6,66,83,94],"synthetic":[7,103],"dyestuffs":[8],"through":[9],"a":[10,58],"principal":[11],"focus":[12],"on":[13,62,106],"developments":[14],"within":[15],"last":[17],"major":[18],"holdout":[19],"of":[20,36,40,51,90,98,124,140],"natural-dye":[22],"industry,":[23],"blue":[25],"colourant":[26],"indigo.":[27],"It":[28,55],"starts":[29],"by":[30,112,126],"looking":[31],"closely":[32],"at":[33],"existing":[34],"practices":[35],"cultivation":[37],"and":[38,72,78,86,101,117,132,136],"manufacture":[39],"natural":[42,92],"dye":[43,93],"in":[44,47,70,75,110,144],"colonial":[45,76,130],"India":[46,77],"second":[49],"half":[50],"nineteenth":[53],"century.":[54],"also":[56],"develops":[57],"case":[59],"study":[60],"based":[61],"targeted":[63],"efforts":[64],"scientifically":[65],"improve":[67],"plant-derived":[68],"indigo":[69,104],"laboratories":[71],"experiment":[73],"stations":[74],"imperial":[79],"England.":[80],"Experts":[81],"attempted":[82],"increase":[84],"yields":[85],"enhance":[87],"purity":[89],"meet":[95],"competition":[97],"cheaper":[100],"purer":[102],"launched":[105],"international":[108],"market":[109],"1897":[111],"two":[113],"German":[114],"firms,":[115],"BASF":[116],"Hoechst.":[118],"The":[119],"explains":[121],"patronage":[123],"science":[125,141],"European":[127],"planters,":[128],"state":[131],"metropolitan":[134],"government":[135],"analyses":[137],"nature":[139],"that":[142],"emerged":[143],"colonial\u2013imperial":[146],"nexus.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}