{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2064555608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00236.x","title":"How Do Franchise Contracts Evolve? A Study of Three German SMEs*","display_name":"How Do Franchise Contracts Evolve? A Study of Three German SMEs*","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2064555608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00236.x","mag":"2064555608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00236.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00236.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00236.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78792899","display_name":"Journal of Small Business Management","issn_l":"0047-2778","issn":["0047-2778","0447-2778","1540-627X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Small Business Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103498909","display_name":"Oliver Cochet","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Cochet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Strategic Management at the Westfa\u0308lische Wilhelms-Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nster","Department of Strategic Management at the Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Strategic Management at the Westfa\u0308lische Wilhelms-Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nster","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Strategic Management at the Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072922939","display_name":"Vinay Kumar Garg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","display_name":"Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d2sez20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vinay Kumar Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management at the College of Business Administration, Missouri State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management at the College of Business Administration, Missouri State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072922939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.824,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98061774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"1","first_page":"134","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12933","display_name":"Franchising Strategies and Performance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12933","display_name":"Franchising Strategies and Performance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/franchising","display_name":"franchising","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/franchise-agreements","display_name":"franchise agreements","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-design","display_name":"contract design","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-rationality","display_name":"bounded rationality","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-learning","display_name":"organizational learning","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/franchisors","display_name":"franchisors","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises","display_name":"small and medium-sized enterprises","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restaurant-chains","display_name":"restaurant chains","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hotel-chains","display_name":"hotel chains","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retail-chains","display_name":"retail chains","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-change","display_name":"management change","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uniformity","display_name":"uniformity","score":0.5059999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.6668968796730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6280017495155334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778440429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171947","display_name":"Franchise","level":2,"score":0.5940778255462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64848388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188867","display_name":"Futures studies","level":2,"score":0.5718214511871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5061509013175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.5029045939445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.47136107087135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.33077913522720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.28741103410720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1005282998085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00236.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00236.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00236.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78792899","display_name":"Journal of Small Business Management","issn_l":"0047-2778","issn":["0047-2778","0447-2778","1540-627X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Small Business Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bearworks.missouristate.edu:articles-cob-1366","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-cob/367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196450","display_name":"BearWorks (Missouri State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","host_organization_name":"Missouri State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Business","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:ujbmxx:v:46:y:2008:i:1:p:134-151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2007.00236.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W230100815","https://openalex.org/W563510854","https://openalex.org/W631350065","https://openalex.org/W1253826529","https://openalex.org/W1491534556","https://openalex.org/W1527311855","https://openalex.org/W1583205549","https://openalex.org/W1928055884","https://openalex.org/W1963964187","https://openalex.org/W1970551484","https://openalex.org/W1974842215","https://openalex.org/W1987016659","https://openalex.org/W2007413532","https://openalex.org/W2019275699","https://openalex.org/W2026999211","https://openalex.org/W2035438980","https://openalex.org/W2036733947","https://openalex.org/W2056683859","https://openalex.org/W2071419362","https://openalex.org/W2080838723","https://openalex.org/W2085930992","https://openalex.org/W2087110418","https://openalex.org/W2089700583","https://openalex.org/W2097273566","https://openalex.org/W2102136291","https://openalex.org/W2106919063","https://openalex.org/W2107212454","https://openalex.org/W2113812196","https://openalex.org/W2118226378","https://openalex.org/W2133766618","https://openalex.org/W2137358449","https://openalex.org/W2140614071","https://openalex.org/W2143200339","https://openalex.org/W2148882939","https://openalex.org/W2167915553","https://openalex.org/W2171394132","https://openalex.org/W2329029318","https://openalex.org/W2334108254","https://openalex.org/W2373173844","https://openalex.org/W2642534790","https://openalex.org/W2975252689","https://openalex.org/W2992855407","https://openalex.org/W3022515560","https://openalex.org/W3122794957","https://openalex.org/W3122859634","https://openalex.org/W3125201552","https://openalex.org/W4237819142","https://openalex.org/W4246406641","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6609065480","https://openalex.org/W6684678636"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2762924559","https://openalex.org/W3201633795","https://openalex.org/W4289222395","https://openalex.org/W2026999211","https://openalex.org/W2006794622","https://openalex.org/W2806160476","https://openalex.org/W6927379181","https://openalex.org/W2150633099","https://openalex.org/W2149450915","https://openalex.org/W7039176668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"contracts":[1,32,54,63,72],"are":[2,96],"crucial":[3],"for":[4,161],"franchisors":[5,20,90],"in":[6,52,55],"managing":[7],"relationships":[8],"with":[9,73],"franchisees,":[10],"franchising":[11],"research":[12],"has":[13],"not":[14],"adequately":[15],"investigated":[16],"whether":[17],"and":[18,42,59,94,104,129,138,164],"how":[19],"learn":[21],"about":[22],"effective":[23],"contracts.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"explores":[27],"the":[28,39,47,56,68,79,82,130,140,148,151],"evolution":[29],"of":[30,49,78,132,142,150,158],"formal":[31],"used":[33],"by":[34],"three":[35],"German":[36],"chains":[37],"from":[38],"restaurant,":[40],"hotel,":[41],"retailing":[43],"industries.":[44],"We":[45,109,155],"describe":[46],"nature":[48],"learning":[50,116],"involved":[51],"designing":[53],"sampled":[57],"chains,":[58],"suggest":[60,113],"reasons":[61],"why":[62],"change":[64,153],"over":[65],"time.":[66],"Despite":[67],"fact":[69],"that":[70,89],"drafting":[71],"independent":[74],"entrepreneurs":[75],"is":[76,84],"one":[77],"important":[80],"tasks":[81],"franchisor":[83],"rewarded":[85],"for,":[86],"we":[87],"found":[88],"remain":[91],"boundedly":[92],"rational":[93],"therefore":[95],"unable":[97],"to":[98,105,112,135],"completely":[99],"anticipate":[100],"undesirable":[101],"franchisee":[102,145],"behavior":[103],"incorporate":[106],"suitable":[107],"safeguards.":[108],"develop":[110],"propositions":[111],"that:":[114],"(1)":[115],"explains":[117],"contract":[118,136,152],"design":[119],"capability":[120],"better":[121],"than":[122],"does":[123],"foresight,":[124],"(2)":[125],"a":[126],"new":[127],"management":[128],"pursuit":[131],"uniformity":[133],"lead":[134],"changes,":[137],"(3)":[139],"presence":[141],"an":[143],"active":[144],"council":[146],"promotes":[147],"efficiency":[149],"process.":[154],"offer":[156],"implications":[157],"our":[159],"findings":[160],"theory,":[162],"practice,":[163],"research.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}