{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2064541965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00381.x","title":"Influence of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on Gas Exchange and Biomass Production in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Water Limited Conditions","display_name":"Influence of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on Gas Exchange and Biomass Production in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Water Limited Conditions","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2064541965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00381.x","mag":"2064541965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00381.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00381.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00381.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S56137335","display_name":"Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science","issn_l":"0931-2250","issn":["0931-2250","1439-037X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078911210","display_name":"Naeem Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1017-9633","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1017-9633"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"N. Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Plant Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plant Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629288","display_name":"Muhammad Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-7758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-7758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144552512","display_name":"Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/01cyxvw51","country_code":"PK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144552512"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61623833","display_name":"University of Agriculture Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/054d77k59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Plant Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan","Stress Physiology Lab, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plant Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stress Physiology Lab, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144552512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629288","display_name":"Muhammad Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-7758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-7758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144552512","display_name":"Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/01cyxvw51","country_code":"PK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144552512"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61623833","display_name":"University of Agriculture Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/054d77k59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Y. Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Plant Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan","Stress Physiology Lab, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plant Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stress Physiology Lab, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144552512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078911210"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4780},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0357,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85760898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"195","issue":"6","first_page":"420","last_page":"426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10014","display_name":"Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance","score":0.7060999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10014","display_name":"Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance","score":0.7060999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12742","display_name":"Sunflower and Safflower Cultivation","score":0.2809999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12407","display_name":"Plant Growth Enhancement Techniques","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/betaine","display_name":"betaine","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sunflower","display_name":"sunflower","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-stress","display_name":"drought stress","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-exchange","display_name":"gas exchange","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-photosynthesis","display_name":"net photosynthesis","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transpiration","display_name":"transpiration","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foliar-application","display_name":"foliar application","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seed-treatment","display_name":"seed treatment","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-production","display_name":"biomass production","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stomatal-control","display_name":"stomatal regulation","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-tolerance","display_name":"drought tolerance","score":0.5059999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779197568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423986","display_name":"Sunflower","level":2,"score":0.8267478942871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778181364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171497","display_name":"Helianthus annuus","level":3,"score":0.7776003479957581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157517311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167980","display_name":"Transpiration","level":3,"score":0.739401638507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.6550634503364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168741863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777671","display_name":"Sowing","level":2,"score":0.5951506495475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5592540502548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183688256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982","display_name":"Photosynthesis","level":2,"score":0.5500619411468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7618701","display_name":"Stomatal conductance","level":3,"score":0.5231493711471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21410773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220869","display_name":"Shoot","level":2,"score":0.49448728561401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4678690433502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25761633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464666","display_name":"Vegetative reproduction","level":2,"score":0.46744903922080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551340","display_name":"Water-use efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4509527087211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137265123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295425","display_name":"Ecophysiology","level":3,"score":0.4178513288497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.345475435256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.24304437637329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.15265923738479614}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00381.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00381.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00381.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S56137335","display_name":"Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science","issn_l":"0931-2250","issn":["0931-2250","1439-037X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.991100013256073}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W290120693","https://openalex.org/W1534554177","https://openalex.org/W1989005510","https://openalex.org/W2001124336","https://openalex.org/W2003648338","https://openalex.org/W2005270526","https://openalex.org/W2006325102","https://openalex.org/W2007996903","https://openalex.org/W2016203628","https://openalex.org/W2019264487","https://openalex.org/W2021309993","https://openalex.org/W2031243687","https://openalex.org/W2043719496","https://openalex.org/W2057433097","https://openalex.org/W2058631468","https://openalex.org/W2063428433","https://openalex.org/W2063958059","https://openalex.org/W2065151891","https://openalex.org/W2069687969","https://openalex.org/W2071943487","https://openalex.org/W2084937206","https://openalex.org/W2092042833","https://openalex.org/W2097511919","https://openalex.org/W2104921113","https://openalex.org/W2113757542","https://openalex.org/W2125479293","https://openalex.org/W2134137097","https://openalex.org/W2146719438","https://openalex.org/W2188991393","https://openalex.org/W2326803899","https://openalex.org/W2333042137","https://openalex.org/W2526698698","https://openalex.org/W4241281416","https://openalex.org/W4245753677","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058631468","https://openalex.org/W3117107520","https://openalex.org/W2077319396","https://openalex.org/W2142137220","https://openalex.org/W4297895520","https://openalex.org/W2053005925","https://openalex.org/W1224275230","https://openalex.org/W2921370261","https://openalex.org/W1989080835","https://openalex.org/W3005679636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"investigated":[3],"whether":[4],"the":[5,14,34,37,66,74,84,116,145],"exogenous":[6],"application":[7,80,161],"of":[8,17,40,51,68,70,81,86,88,118,162,178],"glycine":[9],"betaine":[10],"(GB)":[11],"could":[12],"alleviate":[13],"adverse":[15],"effects":[16,117,143],"water":[18,31,71,89,119],"deficit":[19,32,72,90,120],"on":[20,121,144],"sunflower.":[21],"Two":[22],"sunflower":[23,134],"lines,":[24],"Gulshan\u201098":[25],"and":[26,47,128,148,155],"Suncross,":[27],"were":[28,53],"subjected":[29],"to":[30,187],"at":[33,65,73,83],"vegetative":[35,75],"or":[36,60,76],"reproductive":[38,77],"stages":[39],"plant":[41],"growth.":[42],"Three":[43],"levels":[44],"(0,":[45],"50":[46],"100":[48],"mmol":[49],"l\u22121)":[50],"GB":[52,82,104,140,163],"applied":[54],"as":[55,61,105],"a":[56,62,93,106,111,173],"pre\u2010sowing":[57],"seed":[58,137],"treatment":[59,138],"foliar":[63,107,160],"spray":[64,108],"time":[67,85],"initiation":[69,87],"stages.":[78],"Foliar":[79],"treatments":[91],"showed":[92,110,172],"marginal":[94],"increase":[95,175,183],"in":[96,99,114,132,151,170,176],"shoot":[97],"biomass":[98],"drought\u2010stressed":[100,156],"plants.":[101,157],"Exogenously":[102],"supplied":[103],"also":[109],"positive":[112],"role":[113],"reducing":[115],"net":[122,165],"CO2":[123,130,166],"assimilation":[124,167],"rate,":[125],"transpiration":[126],"rate":[127,168],"sub\u2010stomatal":[129],"concentration":[131],"both":[133,152],"lines.":[135],"Pre\u2010sowing":[136],"with":[139],"had":[141],"no":[142],"above\u2010mentioned":[146],"physiological":[147],"growth":[149,177],"attributes":[150],"normally":[153],"irrigated":[154],"Taken":[158],"together,":[159],"increased":[164],"which":[169],"turn":[171],"slight":[174],"water\u2010stressed":[179],"plants":[180],"but":[181],"this":[182],"was":[184],"not":[185],"related":[186],"stomatal":[188],"regulation.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}