{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063872696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2013.879662","title":"Enhanced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of gadolinium following ELF-EMF irradiation in human lymphocytes","display_name":"Enhanced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of gadolinium following ELF-EMF irradiation in human lymphocytes","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063872696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2013.879662","mag":"2063872696","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24479558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3109/01480545.2013.879662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2013.879662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2013.879662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17820993","display_name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","issn_l":"0148-0545","issn":["0148-0545","1525-6014"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Seunghyun Cho","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghyun Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086443802","display_name":"Younghyun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0633-7248","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0633-7248"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younghyun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Gwanak-gu, SeoulRepublic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Gwanak-gu, SeoulRepublic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078462569","display_name":"Sunyeong Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunyeong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Gwanak-gu, SeoulRepublic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Gwanak-gu, SeoulRepublic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080163898","display_name":"Young Joo Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-2979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-2979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Joo Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Gwanak-gu, SeoulRepublic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Gwanak-gu, SeoulRepublic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102104917","display_name":"Hai Won Chung","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hai Won Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Gwanak-gu, SeoulRepublic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Gwanak-gu, SeoulRepublic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102104917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3276,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77916381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"4","first_page":"440","last_page":"447"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.7534000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.7534000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.19779999554157257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gadolinium","display_name":"gadolinium","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-low-frequency-electromagnetic-fields","display_name":"extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genotoxicity","display_name":"genotoxicity","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytotoxicity","display_name":"cytotoxicity","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-lymphocytes","display_name":"human lymphocytes","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-damage","display_name":"DNA damage","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micronuclei","display_name":"micronuclei","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-oxygen-species","display_name":"reactive oxygen species","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mri-safety","display_name":"MRI safety","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gadolinium-nephrotoxicity","display_name":"gadolinium nephrotoxicity","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-exposure","display_name":"combined exposure","score":0.3100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778959862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009245","display_name":"Genotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.8375473022460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780070996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61482373","display_name":"Trypan blue","level":3,"score":0.7057325839996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190283241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311","display_name":"Apoptosis","level":2,"score":0.6961596608161926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109316439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246181","display_name":"Cytotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.6805797219276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45080847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658004","display_name":"Micronucleus test","level":3,"score":0.6443468332290649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5716475248336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780358455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903780","display_name":"Comet assay","level":4,"score":0.5646457076072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31573885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304484","display_name":"Programmed cell death","level":3,"score":0.5624762177467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53227056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189152","display_name":"Viability assay","level":3,"score":0.5365052223205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.5329452753067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.4832204580307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143425029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5205747","display_name":"DNA damage","level":3,"score":0.4774663746356964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154317977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376266","display_name":"Cytotoxic T cell","level":3,"score":0.42638248205184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553184892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141429","display_name":"Flow cytometry","level":2,"score":0.41524916887283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.26995083689689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.24925589561462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.23651468753814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.09424370527267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002478","descriptor_name":"Cells, Cultured","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004249","descriptor_name":"DNA Damage","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004249","descriptor_name":"DNA Damage","qualifier_ui":"Q000528","qualifier_name":"radiation effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004305","descriptor_name":"Dose-Response Relationship, Drug","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005434","descriptor_name":"Flow Cytometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005682","descriptor_name":"Gadolinium","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005682","descriptor_name":"Gadolinium","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008214","descriptor_name":"Lymphocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008214","descriptor_name":"Lymphocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008214","descriptor_name":"Lymphocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000528","qualifier_name":"radiation effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009152","descriptor_name":"Mutagenicity Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015162","descriptor_name":"Micronucleus Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000528","qualifier_name":"radiation effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017382","descriptor_name":"Reactive Oxygen Species","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020552","descriptor_name":"Comet Assay","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3109/01480545.2013.879662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2013.879662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2013.879662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17820993","display_name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","issn_l":"0148-0545","issn":["0148-0545","1525-6014"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24479558","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24479558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug and chemical toxicology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11176259","https://openalex.org/W288729625","https://openalex.org/W1569584988","https://openalex.org/W1604389902","https://openalex.org/W1608082539","https://openalex.org/W1826065027","https://openalex.org/W1977348580","https://openalex.org/W1978032538","https://openalex.org/W1981883990","https://openalex.org/W1983785443","https://openalex.org/W1987426083","https://openalex.org/W2007476414","https://openalex.org/W2007851711","https://openalex.org/W2008412086","https://openalex.org/W2012798960","https://openalex.org/W2022895310","https://openalex.org/W2024264346","https://openalex.org/W2026979574","https://openalex.org/W2033503179","https://openalex.org/W2036600802","https://openalex.org/W2038228200","https://openalex.org/W2055509312","https://openalex.org/W2076999752","https://openalex.org/W2077914593","https://openalex.org/W2089080075","https://openalex.org/W2091231035","https://openalex.org/W2092350636","https://openalex.org/W2092629964","https://openalex.org/W2110213842","https://openalex.org/W2112942188","https://openalex.org/W2151301307","https://openalex.org/W2152192962","https://openalex.org/W2155283891","https://openalex.org/W2157433411","https://openalex.org/W2161204978","https://openalex.org/W2315752658","https://openalex.org/W2317342814"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3161026211","https://openalex.org/W2188116059","https://openalex.org/W2123373455","https://openalex.org/W1913003118","https://openalex.org/W7096868022","https://openalex.org/W2048728436","https://openalex.org/W2022342798","https://openalex.org/W2036980304","https://openalex.org/W2803816248","https://openalex.org/W3088820924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,39],"many":[2],"studies":[3],"of":[4,28,55,62,98,108,186],"Gd":[5,35,42,56,65,99,116,160,167],"nephrotoxicity":[6],"and":[7,13,43,53,57,85,121,127,140,156,171,178,184],"neurotoxicity,":[8],"whereas":[9],"research":[10],"on":[11,34,64],"cyto-":[12],"genotoxicity":[14,185],"in":[15,67,102,118,124,130,175],"normal":[16],"human":[17,69,113,176],"lymphocytes":[18,70,92,114,177],"is":[19,22],"scarce.":[20],"It":[21],"important":[23],"to":[24,41,95,115],"investigate":[25],"the":[26,51,58,182],"effect":[27,61],"extremely":[29],"low-frequency":[30],"electromagnetic":[31],"fields":[32],"(ELF-EMF)":[33],"toxicity,":[36],"as":[37],"patients":[38],"co-exposed":[40],"ELF-EMF":[44,63,107,143,180],"generated":[45],"by":[46,71,159],"MRI":[47],"scanners.":[48],"We":[49],"investigated":[50],"cytotoxicity":[52,183],"genotoixcity":[54],"possible":[59],"enhancing":[60],"toxicity":[66],"cultured":[68],"performing":[72],"a":[73,105,119],"micronuclei":[74],"(MN)":[75],"assay,":[76],"trypan":[77],"blue":[78],"dye":[79],"exclusion,":[80],"single":[81,133],"cell":[82,125,138,149,173],"gel":[83],"electrophoresis,":[84],"apoptosis":[86,157],"analyses":[87],"using":[88],"flow":[89],"cytometry.":[90],"Isolated":[91],"were":[93],"exposed":[94],"0.2-1.2":[96],"mM":[97],"only":[100],"or":[101],"combination":[103],"with":[104],"60-Hz":[106],"0.8-mT":[109],"field":[110],"strength.":[111],"Exposing":[112],"resulted":[117],"concentration-":[120],"time-dependent":[122],"decrease":[123],"viability":[126],"an":[128],"increase":[129],"MN":[131,151],"frequency,":[132,152],"strand":[134],"DNA":[135,169],"breakage,":[136],"apoptotic":[137,172],"death,":[139,150],"ROS":[141],"production.":[142],"(0.8":[144],"mT)":[145],"exposure":[146],"also":[147],"increased":[148],"olive":[153],"tail":[154],"moment,":[155],"induced":[158],"treatment":[161],"alone.":[162],"These":[163],"results":[164],"suggest":[165],"that":[166,179],"induces":[168],"damage":[170],"death":[174],"enhances":[181],"Gd.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}