{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063760198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1060","title":"Competency criteria and the class inclusion task: modeling judgements and justifications.","display_name":"Competency criteria and the class inclusion task: modeling judgements and justifications.","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063760198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1060","mag":"2063760198","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9383628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126635229","display_name":"Developmental Psychology","issn_l":"0012-1649","issn":["0012-1649","1939-0599"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Developmental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111410167","display_name":"Hoben Thomas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoben Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-3105, USA. hxt@psu.edu","Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-3105, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-3105, USA. hxt@psu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-3105, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joseph J. Horton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph J. Horton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82846573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"6","first_page":"1060","last_page":"1073"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.4713999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.4713999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.13850000500679016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.07739999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-children","display_name":"preschool children","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-strategies","display_name":"response strategies","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distributions","display_name":"probability distributions","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guessing","display_name":"guessing","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-development","display_name":"cognitive development","score":0.6669999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7851051092147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.690768301486969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6556136012077332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6538919806480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5943753719329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5218885540962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5105284452438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140441792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910672","display_name":"Cognitive development","level":3,"score":0.5045908689498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4419693648815155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15231546759605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12362965941429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11307421326637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002657","descriptor_name":"Child Development","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007600","descriptor_name":"Judgment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126635229","display_name":"Developmental Psychology","issn_l":"0012-1649","issn":["0012-1649","1939-0599"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Developmental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.6.1060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.33.6.1060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.33.6.1060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126635229","display_name":"Developmental Psychology","issn_l":"0012-1649","issn":["0012-1649","1939-0599"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Developmental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9383628","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9383628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Developmental psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W641836874","https://openalex.org/W1966417902","https://openalex.org/W1973388986","https://openalex.org/W1992402718","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W1996591162","https://openalex.org/W2062506935","https://openalex.org/W2117853077","https://openalex.org/W2121407732","https://openalex.org/W2502460696"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002860869","https://openalex.org/W2005190804","https://openalex.org/W4231724536","https://openalex.org/W1987077222","https://openalex.org/W2070148131","https://openalex.org/W1991858231","https://openalex.org/W2103832989","https://openalex.org/W2033529354","https://openalex.org/W4247903851","https://openalex.org/W2078101094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Preschool":[0],"age":[1],"children's":[2],"class":[3],"inclusion":[4,79],"task":[5],"responses":[6,90],"were":[7,68,74],"modeled":[8,122],"as":[9,127],"mixtures":[10],"of":[11],"different":[12,24],"probability":[13,25],"distributions.":[14,26],"The":[15,54],"main":[16],"idea:":[17],"Different":[18],"response":[19,71,103],"strategies":[20,72],"are":[21],"equivalent":[22],"to":[23,60,106,123],"A":[27],"child":[28],"displays":[29],"cognitive":[30,125],"strategy":[31,37],"s":[32],"if":[33],"P":[34],"(child":[35],"uses":[36],"s,":[38],"given":[39],"the":[40,50,114,118],"child's":[41],"observed":[42],"score":[43],"X":[44],"=":[45,47],"x)":[46],"p(s)":[48],"is":[49,57,105,112],"most":[51],"probable":[52],"strategy.":[53],"general":[55],"approach":[56],"widely":[58],"applicable":[59],"many":[61],"settings.":[62],"Both":[63],"judgment":[64],"and":[65,78],"justification":[66,89],"questions":[67],"asked.":[69],"Judgment":[70],"identified":[73],"subclass":[75],"comparison,":[76],"guessing,":[77],"logic.":[80],"Children's":[81],"justifications":[82],"lagged":[83],"their":[84],"judgments":[85,110],"in":[86],"development.":[87],"Although":[88],"may":[91],"be":[92,107,121],"useful,":[93],"C.":[94],"J.":[95],"Brainerd":[96],"was":[97],"largely":[98],"correct:":[99],"If":[100],"a":[101,109],"single":[102],"variable":[104,111],"selected,":[108],"likely":[113],"preferable":[115],"one.":[116],"But":[117],"process":[119],"must":[120],"identify":[124],"strategies,":[126],"B.":[128],"Hodkin":[129],"has":[130],"demonstrated.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
