{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063731339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001043","title":"PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION AT THE MOVIES: HOLLYWOOD, 1946 TO 1965","display_name":"PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION AT THE MOVIES: HOLLYWOOD, 1946 TO 1965","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063731339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001043","mag":"2063731339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0022050702001043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001043","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B56E2AE8B5B434B77D2B36C46D2040D/S0022050702001043a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-product-differentiation-at-the-movies-hollywood-1946-to-1965-span-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122073985","display_name":"The Journal of Economic History","issn_l":"0022-0507","issn":["0022-0507","1471-6372"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Economic History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B56E2AE8B5B434B77D2B36C46D2040D/S0022050702001043a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-product-differentiation-at-the-movies-hollywood-1946-to-1965-span-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081060047","display_name":"John Sedgwick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-6243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-6243"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","display_name":"London Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae33288","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Sedgwick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economics , Business School , University of North London , Holloway , London N7 8DB , United Kingdom","Economics & Finance"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economics , Business School , University of North London , Holloway , London N7 8DB , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economics & Finance","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081060047"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92749843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"3","first_page":"676","last_page":"705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10758","display_name":"Cinema and Media Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10758","display_name":"Cinema and Media Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12803","display_name":"Cinema History and Criticism","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11410","display_name":"Cultural Industries and Urban Development","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hollywood-film-industry","display_name":"Hollywood film industry","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-differentiation","display_name":"product differentiation","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/film-revenue","display_name":"film revenue","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/film-distribution","display_name":"film distribution","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/film-financing","display_name":"film financing","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-concentration","display_name":"market concentration","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109167261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421955","display_name":"Fell","level":2,"score":0.9184577465057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.7076935768127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780458788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5882564","display_name":"Hollywood","level":2,"score":0.6904891729354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.6227893829345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5729026794433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5012428760528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4643092155456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.443755567073822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4352740943431854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.42616137862205505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.41418761014938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34312957525253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.24880415201187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.14736264944076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.13513818383216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.10513696074485779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08190563321113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08133378624916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0022050702001043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001043","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B56E2AE8B5B434B77D2B36C46D2040D/S0022050702001043a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-product-differentiation-at-the-movies-hollywood-1946-to-1965-span-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122073985","display_name":"The Journal of Economic History","issn_l":"0022-0507","issn":["0022-0507","1471-6372"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Economic History","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:jechis:v:62:y:2002:i:03:p:676-705_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022050702001043/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/275315","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/275315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/275315","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/275315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic History, 62(3), 676. Cambridge University Press","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0022050702001043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001043","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B56E2AE8B5B434B77D2B36C46D2040D/S0022050702001043a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-product-differentiation-at-the-movies-hollywood-1946-to-1965-span-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122073985","display_name":"The Journal of Economic History","issn_l":"0022-0507","issn":["0022-0507","1471-6372"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Economic History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2063731339.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2063731339.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W275861546","https://openalex.org/W598703641","https://openalex.org/W623833778","https://openalex.org/W625763912","https://openalex.org/W635408843","https://openalex.org/W1488474101","https://openalex.org/W1492403240","https://openalex.org/W1550240616","https://openalex.org/W1555479182","https://openalex.org/W1559038597","https://openalex.org/W1580613355","https://openalex.org/W1582994594","https://openalex.org/W1754003580","https://openalex.org/W1754835666","https://openalex.org/W1831864608","https://openalex.org/W1967868288","https://openalex.org/W1972810030","https://openalex.org/W1984614118","https://openalex.org/W1985593072","https://openalex.org/W1993435521","https://openalex.org/W2001222086","https://openalex.org/W2005405570","https://openalex.org/W2007157659","https://openalex.org/W2007734629","https://openalex.org/W2027343233","https://openalex.org/W2036454494","https://openalex.org/W2036671379","https://openalex.org/W2046279784","https://openalex.org/W2060714071","https://openalex.org/W2073368422","https://openalex.org/W2074093591","https://openalex.org/W2075632406","https://openalex.org/W2076702636","https://openalex.org/W2086946374","https://openalex.org/W2111205403","https://openalex.org/W2127720589","https://openalex.org/W2156120488","https://openalex.org/W2156173282","https://openalex.org/W2272201196","https://openalex.org/W2320571505","https://openalex.org/W2322099362","https://openalex.org/W2328003938","https://openalex.org/W2330448177","https://openalex.org/W2331077838","https://openalex.org/W2441041988","https://openalex.org/W3023830165","https://openalex.org/W3121684966","https://openalex.org/W4232221443","https://openalex.org/W4240491954","https://openalex.org/W4252622120","https://openalex.org/W4255552108","https://openalex.org/W4302567314","https://openalex.org/W6619811609","https://openalex.org/W6620592125","https://openalex.org/W6629379855","https://openalex.org/W6633003178","https://openalex.org/W6633678669","https://openalex.org/W6683294230","https://openalex.org/W6815737529","https://openalex.org/W6821818279","https://openalex.org/W6948047203","https://openalex.org/W6996548070","https://openalex.org/W6999372537","https://openalex.org/W7047627804","https://openalex.org/W7048937386","https://openalex.org/W7075643296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006003794","https://openalex.org/W2498474802","https://openalex.org/W2593101517","https://openalex.org/W2410102795","https://openalex.org/W4406993308","https://openalex.org/W4406992120","https://openalex.org/W2797790707","https://openalex.org/W1994039481","https://openalex.org/W1973957792","https://openalex.org/W2617752620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,83],"the":[1,6,11,16,21,27,31,39,45,57,64,66,77,92],"post\u2013Second":[2],"World":[3],"War":[4],"period":[5],"floor":[7],"fell":[8],"out":[9],"of":[10,24,30,41,60],"market":[12,32],"for":[13],"films":[14,25],"in":[15,38,91],"United":[17],"States.":[18],"However,":[19],"while":[20],"average":[22],"revenue":[23],"fell,":[26],"\u201chit\u201d":[28],"end":[29],"sustained":[33],"itself.":[34],"The":[35],"growing":[36],"inequality":[37],"distribution":[40],"revenues":[42],"meant":[43],"that":[44],"risks":[46,78],"associated":[47,79],"with":[48,80],"high-budget":[49],"productions":[50],"could":[51],"no":[52],"longer":[53],"be":[54],"balanced":[55],"against":[56],"steady":[58],"earnings":[59],"medium-budget":[61],"films.":[62],"During":[63],"1950s":[65],"\u201cmajors\u201d":[67],"all":[68],"became":[69],"distributor\u2013financiers":[70],"as":[71],"they":[72,86],"reduced":[73],"their":[74,88],"exposure":[75],"to":[76],"film":[81],"production.":[82],"doing":[84],"this":[85],"retained":[87],"dominant":[89],"position":[90],"industry.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}