{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063377145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.2.332","title":"Token Achievement: An Examination of Proportional Representation and Performance Outcomes","display_name":"Token Achievement: An Examination of Proportional Representation and Performance Outcomes","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063377145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.2.332","mag":"2063377145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/64.2.332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.2.332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.2.332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111788772","display_name":"V. D. Alexander","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. D. Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022337132","display_name":"Peggy A. Thoits","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7025-6368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7025-6368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. A. Thoits","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4152,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4152},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94311688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"2","first_page":"332","last_page":"332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.6439999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.6439999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.08340000361204147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12892","display_name":"Social Power and Status Dynamics","score":0.0820000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokenism","display_name":"tokenism","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportional-representation","display_name":"proportional representation","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences-in-academic-achievement","display_name":"gender differences in academic achievement","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-point-average","display_name":"grade point average","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-male-dominated-fields","display_name":"women in male-dominated fields","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-seniors","display_name":"college seniors","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-academia","display_name":"women in academia","score":0.3240000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778966417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492145","display_name":"Tokenism","level":2,"score":0.9943410158157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6603385806083679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5010454654693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4312489628791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.40543311834335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.15365815162658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.1343667209148407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09836333990097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.07496711611747742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/64.2.332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.2.332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.2.332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/2578644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2578644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2578644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552811239","https://openalex.org/W1969323423","https://openalex.org/W1977571357","https://openalex.org/W1983595718","https://openalex.org/W2043030496","https://openalex.org/W2050312774","https://openalex.org/W2056929737","https://openalex.org/W2067589470","https://openalex.org/W2071368767","https://openalex.org/W2122951334","https://openalex.org/W2157989419","https://openalex.org/W2913207622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097362297","https://openalex.org/W2604716189","https://openalex.org/W1954058398","https://openalex.org/W2124764278","https://openalex.org/W2321193425","https://openalex.org/W2256240884","https://openalex.org/W2998123687","https://openalex.org/W35087945","https://openalex.org/W3003084480","https://openalex.org/W3156949646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Kanter's":[0],"theory":[1],"of":[2,9,23,43,53,70,99],"proportional":[3,44],"representation":[4,45],"suggests":[5,78],"that":[6,79,95],"tokens":[7,90],"(members":[8,22],"one":[10],"social":[11,26],"category":[12,27],"in":[13,28,61],"a":[14,24,96],"numerical":[15,29],"minority)":[16],"will":[17],"underachieve":[18],"relative":[19,100],"to":[20],"dominants":[21,93],"complementary":[25],"majority).":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"identifies":[33],"and":[34,55,84,94],"controls":[35],"for":[36,88],"several":[37],"factors":[38],"confounded":[39],"with":[40],"the":[41,80],"effects":[42],"on":[46],"performance":[47],"outcomes.":[48],"The":[49,76],"grade":[50],"point":[51],"averages":[52],"male":[54],"female":[56],"college":[57],"seniors":[58],"are":[59],"examined":[60],"an":[62],"academic":[63],"community":[64],"into":[65],"which":[66],"relatively":[67],"small":[68],"numbers":[69],"women":[71],"recently":[72],"have":[73],"been":[74],"introduced.":[75],"analysis":[77],"relationship":[81],"between":[82],"tokenism":[83],"underachievement":[85],"holds":[86],"only":[87],"low-status":[89],"among":[91],"high-status":[92],"modified":[97],"definition":[98],"achievement":[101],"is":[102],"needed.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
