{"id":"https://openalex.org/W206334374","doi":null,"title":"Perinatal Risk Factors and Autism in Los Angeles County: The Role of Air Pollution, Maternal Race/Ethnicity and Nativity","display_name":"Perinatal Risk Factors and Autism in Los Angeles County: The Role of Air Pollution, Maternal Race/Ethnicity and Nativity","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W206334374","mag":"206334374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt5772m0hh","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5772m0hh","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5772m0hh","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5772m0hh","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052940613","display_name":"Tracy Ann Becerra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tracy A Becerra","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052940613"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10786","display_name":"Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"autism spectrum disorder","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autistic-disorder","display_name":"autistic disorder","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perinatal-risk-factors","display_name":"perinatal risk factors","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution-exposure","display_name":"air pollution exposure","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-related-air-pollution","display_name":"traffic-related air pollution","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-race-ethnicity","display_name":"maternal race/ethnicity","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-nativity","display_name":"maternal nativity","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latina-mothers","display_name":"Hispanic mothers","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-mothers","display_name":"Black mothers","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-mothers","display_name":"Asian mothers","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-comorbidity","display_name":"autism comorbidity","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-disability","display_name":"intellectual disability","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expressive-language-deficits","display_name":"expressive language deficits","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-brain-development","display_name":"fetal brain development","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/los-angeles-county","display_name":"Los Angeles County","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-regression","display_name":"land use regression","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-cohort","display_name":"birth cohort","score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-smoking","display_name":"maternal smoking","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-alcohol-use","display_name":"maternal alcohol use","score":0.4959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.6227925419807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.6188492774963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5484772324562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5480228066444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5229856967926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4921859800815582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.47193071246147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137627325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156318","display_name":"Etiology","level":2,"score":0.46079617738723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.37415361404418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.25051185488700867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.06846550107002258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt5772m0hh","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5772m0hh","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5772m0hh","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"mag:206334374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt5772m0hh/qt5772m0hh.pdf?t=mwtd5r","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt5772m0hh","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5772m0hh","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5772m0hh","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W206334374.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W206334374.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44108390","https://openalex.org/W53589277","https://openalex.org/W430122577","https://openalex.org/W1581467677","https://openalex.org/W1964504066","https://openalex.org/W1988645150","https://openalex.org/W1996409583","https://openalex.org/W2011718784","https://openalex.org/W2015911567","https://openalex.org/W2018769655","https://openalex.org/W2060526025","https://openalex.org/W2066407711","https://openalex.org/W2070534968","https://openalex.org/W2075710755","https://openalex.org/W2076139317","https://openalex.org/W2081804606","https://openalex.org/W2083509154","https://openalex.org/W2084615886","https://openalex.org/W2098251401","https://openalex.org/W2108236821","https://openalex.org/W2108450591","https://openalex.org/W2113172416","https://openalex.org/W2114041983","https://openalex.org/W2116466828","https://openalex.org/W2128414219","https://openalex.org/W2131582792","https://openalex.org/W2132979152","https://openalex.org/W2140462713","https://openalex.org/W2142647774","https://openalex.org/W2143871914","https://openalex.org/W2148420330","https://openalex.org/W2151382043","https://openalex.org/W2155136674","https://openalex.org/W2156078552","https://openalex.org/W2156287076","https://openalex.org/W2158452837","https://openalex.org/W2159057732","https://openalex.org/W2167493415","https://openalex.org/W2167684047","https://openalex.org/W2418252586","https://openalex.org/W2891947463","https://openalex.org/W4404985042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070534968","https://openalex.org/W2908572129","https://openalex.org/W4407024280","https://openalex.org/W4410085053","https://openalex.org/W43900201","https://openalex.org/W2980722854","https://openalex.org/W1705289040","https://openalex.org/W2069738812","https://openalex.org/W7099974553","https://openalex.org/W2912561871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Autistic":[1],"Disorder":[2],"(AD)":[3],"is":[4,54,75,97],"a":[5,10,44,144,181,225,332,395,409,432,446,453,510,562,606,616,652],"serious":[6],"developmental":[7],"condition":[8],"with":[9,60,331,361,404,427,450,481,492,559,618,632,651,687],"wide":[11],"range":[12,505],"of":[13,29,50,85,121,146,158,183,240,280,283,320,348,411,434,448,456,501,516,557,577,591,614,634,655,660,667],"symptoms":[14],"and":[15,52,102,203,212,231,242,251,258,273,302,351,378,386,394,417,420,439,452,464,489,521,546,573,582,598,608,625,670],"the":[16,22,83,111,119,140,156,177,193,238,281,298,310,345,364,389,399,422,596],"prevalence":[17],"has":[18],"risen":[19],"dramatically":[20],"over":[21],"past":[23],"two":[24,479,490],"decades.":[25],"The":[26,229],"pathogenic":[27],"mechanisms":[28],"autism":[30,51,86,109,204,241,268,301,517,633],"have":[31,117,134,154,171],"yet":[32],"to":[33,115,143,152,180,191,217,235,353,388,470,601,630,685],"be":[34,79],"determined":[35],"or":[36,46,62,278,289,316,484,494,646],"are":[37,104],"not":[38],"well":[39,589,675],"understood.":[40],"Epidemiologic":[41],"investigations":[42],"support":[43],"prenatal":[45,141,178],"early":[47],"postnatal":[48],"origin":[49],"it":[53,96],"likely":[55],"that":[56,90],"multiple":[57],"genes":[58],"interacting":[59],"one":[61],"more":[63],"environmental":[64],"factors":[65,106],"cause":[66],"some":[67],"cases.":[68],"However,":[69,680],"high-quality":[70],"population-based":[71],"research":[72],"addressing":[73],"etiology":[74],"limited.":[76],"There":[77],"may":[78,91],"phenotypic":[80],"differences":[81],"in":[82,87,110,127,164,271,277,287,306,309,325,363,514,537,569,612,665,677],"presentation":[84],"minority":[88],"groups":[89],"indicate":[92],"etiologic":[93],"heterogeneity,":[94,466],"but":[95],"unknown":[98],"whether":[99,237],"maternal":[100,256,303,640],"race/ethnicity":[101,257,305],"nativity":[103],"risk":[105,239,570,613,654],"for":[107,421,518,528,542,555,571,575,620,643],"childhood":[108],"U.S.":[112],"Few":[113,150],"studies":[114,133,151,170],"date":[116,153],"examined":[118,155,267,297],"impact":[120,157],"air":[122,136,159,173,198,209,221,391],"pollution":[123,137,160,174,199,222],"on":[124,161],"brain":[125,162],"development":[126,163],"general":[128,165],"during":[129,139,166,176,201,340],"pregnancy,":[130,167],"although":[131,168],"epidemiologic":[132,169],"associated":[135,172],"exposure":[138,175,549],"period":[142,179],"variety":[145,182],"adverse":[147,184],"birth":[148,185,324,356,376,382],"outcomes.":[149,186],"Our":[187],"first":[188,365],"aim":[189,233],"was":[190,234,663],"investigate":[192,462],"association":[194,299],"between":[195,300],"traffic":[196,219],"related":[197,220],"exposures":[200],"pregnancy":[202],"using:":[205],"1)":[206],"ambient":[207],"criteria":[208],"pollutant":[210],"measurements,":[211],"2)":[213],"land-use":[214],"regression":[215],"(LUR)":[216],"model":[218],"exposures,":[223],"using":[224],"matched":[226,373],"case-control":[227],"design.":[228],"second":[230,400],"third":[232],"determine":[236],"autistic":[243],"phenotypes,":[244],"i.e.,":[245],"comorbid":[246],"mental":[247,457],"retardation,":[248],"expressive":[249,487,657],"language,":[250],"emotional/behavioral":[252],"deficits,":[253],"differ":[254],"by":[255,374],"nativity.":[259],"Using":[260],"U.S.-born":[261,440,602,622,635,678],"white":[262,441,636],"mothers":[263,275,285,321,558,581,584,592],"as":[264,588,590,674,676],"reference,":[265],"we":[266,296,367,467,508,532],"relative":[269,512,535,610],"risks":[270],"Hispanics":[272],"black":[274,418,580,669],"born":[276,286,308],"outside":[279],"U.S":[282],"which":[284],"Mexico":[288],"Central/South":[290,586],"America":[291],"were":[292,329,342,384,406,429,553],"specified.":[293],"In":[294],"addition,":[295],"Asian":[304,438],"women":[307],"U.S.,":[311],"China,":[312],"Japan,":[313],"Korea,":[314],"Philippines,":[315],"Vietnam.":[317],"Methods:":[318],"Children":[319],"who":[322,328,593],"gave":[323],"Los":[326],"Angeles":[327],"diagnosed":[330],"primary":[333],"AD":[334,405,428,451,572],"diagnosis":[335,455],"at":[336],"ages":[337],"3-5":[338],"years":[339],"1998-2009":[341],"identified":[343,445,474],"through":[344],"California":[346,355],"Department":[347],"Developmental":[349],"Services":[350],"linked":[352,387],"1995-2006":[354],"certificates.":[357],"For":[358,398],"7,603":[359],"children":[360,403,426,449,556,576,631,650,666],"autism,":[362],"study":[366,424],"selected":[368,407,430],"10":[369],"controls":[370],"per":[371,539],"case":[372],"sex,":[375],"year,":[377],"minimum":[379],"gestational":[380],"age,":[381],"addresses":[383],"mapped":[385],"nearest":[390],"monitoring":[392],"station":[393],"LUR":[396],"model.":[397],"study,":[401],"6,485":[402],"from":[408,414,431,437,475,585,595],"cohort":[410,433],"1,461,610":[412],"births":[413,436],"white,":[415],"Hispanic,":[416],"mothers;":[419],"final":[423],"2,532":[425],"401,091":[435],"mothers.":[442],"We":[443,473,566,604],"further":[444],"subgroup":[447],"secondary":[454],"retardation":[458],"(AD-MR).":[459],"To":[460],"appropriately":[461],"language":[463],"behavior":[465],"restricted":[468],"assessments":[469],"5-year":[471],"olds.":[472],"DDS":[476],"evaluation":[477],"records":[478],"subgroups":[480,491],"either":[482],"\"impaired\"":[483],"\"less":[485,495],"impaired\"":[486],"language;":[488],"\"severe\"":[493],"severe\"":[496],"emotional":[497,661,682],"outburst":[498],"behavior.":[499],"Summary":[500],"findings:":[502],"Per":[503],"interquartile":[504],"(IQR)":[506],"increase,":[507],"estimated":[509,533,605],"12-15%":[511],"increase":[513,541,611],"odds":[515,538],"O3":[519],"(11.54ppb)":[520],"PM2.5":[522],"(4.68":[523],"\u03bcg/m3)":[524],"when":[525],"mutually":[526],"adjusting":[527],"both":[529,621],"pollutants.":[530],"Furthermore,":[531],"3-9%":[534],"increases":[536,568],"IQR":[540],"LUR-based":[543,551],"NO":[544],"(9.4ppb)":[545],"NO2":[547],"(5.4ppb)":[548],"estimates.":[550],"associations":[552],"strongest":[554],"less":[560],"than":[561],"high":[563],"school":[564],"education.":[565],"found":[567],"AD-MR":[574,619],"foreign-born":[578,644,668],"(FB)":[579],"Hispanic":[583,626],"America,":[587],"immigrated":[594],"Philippines":[597],"Vietnam":[599],"compared":[600],"whites.":[603],"52%":[607],"53%":[609],"having":[615],"child":[617],"African":[623],"American/black":[624],"mothers,":[627,637,648,673],"respectively.":[628],"Compared":[629],"most":[638],"other":[639],"subgroups,":[641],"except":[642],"Chinese":[645],"Japanese":[647],"had":[649],"higher":[653,664],"impaired":[656,688],"language.":[658,689],"Severity":[659],"outbursts":[662,683],"Centra/South":[671],"American":[672],"Hispanics.":[679],"severe":[681],"seem":[684],"co-occur":[686]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}