{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063192579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ffb21d","title":"Splitting the Differences","display_name":"Splitting the Differences","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063192579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ffb21d","mag":"2063192579","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ffb21d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ffb21d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ffb21d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15470582","display_name":"Epidemiology","issn_l":"1044-3983","issn":["1044-3983","1531-5487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031709348","display_name":"Jay S. Kaufman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-401X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-401X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jay S. Kaufman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and","Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004781553","display_name":"M. Maria Glymour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9644-3081","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9644-3081"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Maria Glymour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031709348"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"104","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.8403000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.8403000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11732","display_name":"Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy","score":0.016300000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-confounding","display_name":"genetic confounding","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dizygotic-twins","display_name":"dizygotic twins","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monozygotic-twins","display_name":"monozygotic twins","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-effects-regression","display_name":"fixed effects regression","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survivorship-bias","display_name":"survivorship bias","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-bias","display_name":"selection bias","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-cause-mortality","display_name":"all-cause mortality","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-mortality","display_name":"cardiovascular mortality","score":0.7549999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.8396574258804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.6777977347373962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776194465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31184","display_name":"Sibling","level":2,"score":0.6624286770820618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909599973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159979","display_name":"Dizygotic twins","level":2,"score":0.6495890021324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169594400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244775","display_name":"Twin study","level":3,"score":0.600553035736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5669351816177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.5577744841575623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017743773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159979","display_name":"Monozygotic twin","level":2,"score":0.513018786907196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4992086887359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.4847933351993561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020571626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159979","display_name":"Dizygotic twin","level":4,"score":0.4751981496810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.44519102573394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4346199333667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161890455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503548","display_name":"Heritability","level":2,"score":0.43298447132110596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35147058963775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34378480911254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2561739683151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.22170349955558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.21219712495803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21074441075325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.16014093160629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10244178771972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009026","descriptor_name":"Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014427","descriptor_name":"Twins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015983","descriptor_name":"Selection Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015992","descriptor_name":"Body Mass Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018433","descriptor_name":"Twin Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ffb21d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ffb21d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ffb21d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15470582","display_name":"Epidemiology","issn_l":"1044-3983","issn":["1044-3983","1531-5487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21150356","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)","raw_type":"Comment"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978209044","https://openalex.org/W2013271332","https://openalex.org/W2015187260","https://openalex.org/W2017373077","https://openalex.org/W2076850496","https://openalex.org/W2082997471","https://openalex.org/W2098180905","https://openalex.org/W2118336834","https://openalex.org/W2149723077","https://openalex.org/W2172168045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977405959","https://openalex.org/W2076850496","https://openalex.org/W2502908319","https://openalex.org/W7130503509","https://openalex.org/W7097764369","https://openalex.org/W2132329796","https://openalex.org/W1494062202","https://openalex.org/W6989382220","https://openalex.org/W1603249491","https://openalex.org/W4288753000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carlsson":[0,436,800,1405],"et":[1,437,1406],"al1":[2,438,1407],"assert":[3],"that":[4,25,131,186,259,500,551,587,617,1001,1125,1260,1361,1375,1476,1491,1550,1565],"the":[5,95,103,105,128,136,140,187,193,204,212,217,222,230,240,243,260,266,277,283,291,296,328,350,367,376,402,417,432,453,463,472,476,482,486,493,506,544,552,571,577,581,599,634,638,642,646,658,676,694,698,724,730,736,763,771,786,792,797,809,817,820,824,828,835,874,879,916,925,956,968,998,1019,1023,1062,1077,1165,1186,1209,1214,1229,1233,1245,1271,1277,1343,1362,1372,1379,1394,1399,1482,1529,1532,1566],"association":[6,141,152,165,748,774,1064,1246],"between":[7,48,142,167,554,749,853,1065,1381],"BMI":[8,143,168,555,671,843,848,871,908,1035,1052,1066,1116,1127,1140,1155,1175,1191,1206,1332,1346,1366,1499,1540],"and":[9,31,53,56,121,144,169,195,239,268,300,311,366,380,413,479,556,562,623,641,707,751,801,861,892,1036,1053,1067,1072,1148,1156,1177,1303,1384,1451,1454,1541],"mortality":[10,54,170,557,625,674,1055,1159,1507,1542],"from":[11,576,733,1011,1015,1022,1286,1342,1349,1424,1481],"causes":[12,1010,1033,1170],"other":[13,96,461,784],"than":[14,94,317,388,541,785,869,886,909,1250],"coronary":[15],"heart":[16],"disease":[17,752],"(CHD)":[18],"arises":[19],"because":[20,43],"of":[21,119,126,202,242,251,315,331,353,370,378,405,423,431,455,460,471,481,515,601,628,636,660,666,683,703,726,735,762,789,811,816,822,827,858,863,934,1034,1039,1042,1079,1091,1150,1190,1216,1247,1257,1274,1284,1301,1305,1331,1345,1364,1396,1412,1456,1464,1497,1531,1569],"confounding":[22,158,602,719,1441],"by":[23,192,435,566,603,799,867,1030,1120,1212,1298,1404],"genes":[24,120,310],"make":[26,33],"some":[27,654,1092],"people":[28,35],"gain":[29],"weight":[30,621],"also":[32,312,778],"these":[34,252,629,1007,1040,1275,1457,1470],"die":[36,112],"sooner.":[37],"The":[38,68,80,649,663,690,747,1329,1402],"authors":[39,81,129,650,1432],"reached":[40],"this":[41,74,340,394,409,424,519,563,588,661,721,803,912,1262,1429],"conclusion":[42,189],"they":[44,941,1561],"detected":[45],"within-pair":[46],"associations":[47,875,1004],"body":[49],"mass":[50],"index":[51],"(BMI)":[52],"(all-cause":[55],"CVD-specific)":[57],"in":[58,64,73,88,102,174,216,265,337,396,475,492,505,543,570,580,608,670,675,693,720,754,796,842,878,921,955,967,997,1076,1113,1164,1288,1390,1398,1422,1442,1520,1543,1573],"dizygotic":[59],"(DZ)":[60],"twins,":[61,155,319,854,911,1196,1511],"but":[62,182,940,959,1128,1141,1228,1417],"not":[63,943,1322,1388,1536,1548],"monozygotic":[65],"(MZ)":[66],"twins.":[67,302,390],"main":[69,137],"analytic":[70],"approach":[71,232],"used":[72,220],"paper":[75,798,1403],"was":[76,92,108,498,522,679,1291,1296],"a":[77,179,334,513,667,680,755,760,944,1058,1089,1110,1123,1182,1224,1282,1409,1413],"fixed-effects":[78,223,231,643,1025,1235],"regression.":[79],"considered":[82],"whether,":[83],"for":[84,139,221,298,429,525,697,705,709,718,907,924,936,946,965,1312],"same-sex":[85],"twin":[86,107,338,397,504,516,917,1084,1234],"pairs":[87,517,1218],"which":[89,281,286,1114,1138,1152,1289,1320],"one":[90,274,503,1369],"sibling":[91],"heavier":[93,106,1087],"at":[97,501,844,985,1484],"baseline":[98],"(some":[99],"40":[100,1502],"years":[101,539,1503],"past),":[104],"more":[109,359,385,606,868],"likely":[110,903],"to":[111,149,209,285,290,325,344,358,529,574,594,598,657,882,887,904,1006,1105,1173,1220,1324,1335,1359,1393,1437],"first.":[113],"Because":[114,873,898,1354],"DZ":[115,154,269,301,305,389,710,864,893,910,1073,1083,1162,1385],"twins":[116,123,270,287,306,355,384,457,473,534,687,711,812,829,860,865,894,900,1074,1100,1163,1285,1386],"share":[117,124,307],"50%":[118],"MZ":[122,175,267,299,318,354,383,706,859,891,899,1071,1099,1195,1383],"100%":[125],"genes,":[127],"hypothesize":[130,586],"\u201cif":[132],"genetic":[133,157,272,351,1094,1251,1336],"factors":[134,527,954,966,1243,1252],"were":[135,535,813,850],"explanation":[138],"mortality,":[145],"we":[146,183],"would":[147,171,321,631,1070,1171,1180,1546],"expect":[148],"find":[150],"an":[151,235,931,1313,1425,1460,1517],"within":[153],"where":[156],"is":[159,178,190,206,245,282,294,564,714,732,777,804,995,1117,1223,1309,1356,1371,1408,1488,1493],"only":[160,469,511,856,1103,1198,1240,1299,1563],"partially":[161],"controlled,":[162],"whereas":[163],"no":[164,323,715,962,1130,1143,1258,1357,1494],"\u2026":[166],"be":[172,322,345,490,591,896,905,1028,1086,1420,1479,1557,1577],"expected":[173],"pairs.\u201d":[176],"This":[177,949,1222],"clever":[180,1435],"approach,":[181],"don't":[184],"believe":[185],"authors'":[188],"well-supported":[191],"data":[194,1415,1483],"analyses":[196,465,1026,1278],"presented.":[197],"We":[198,247,1254],"have":[199,226,651,831,839,1142,1433],"several":[200],"areas":[201],"concern:":[203],"design":[205,1236],"very":[207,1339],"sensitive":[208],"unexamined":[210],"assumptions;":[211],"extreme":[213],"selection":[214,237,524,776,883],"implicit":[215],"co-twin":[218,464,494,578,647,699,793,1024,1166,1570],"sample":[219,579,737,757,1283],"analysis":[224,640,644,692,794,818,1411],"may":[225,233,356,374,411,426,590,1027,1338,1387,1535,1556,1576],"induced":[227],"survivor":[228,595],"bias;":[229,238],"impose":[234],"additional":[236,716],"generalizability":[241,1308],"results":[244,635,1530],"uncertain.":[246],"briefly":[248],"explain":[249],"each":[250],"concerns":[253,1269,1553],"below.":[254],"STRONG":[255],"ASSUMPTIONS":[256],"To":[257,489],"infer":[258],"different":[261],"OR":[262],"estimates":[263,569,702,1021],"observed":[264,434,753],"imply":[271],"confounding,":[273,1043],"must":[275,830,838,1101],"invoke":[276],"\u201cequal":[278],"environments":[279,361],"assumption,\u201d":[280],"degree":[284],"are":[288,458,466,901,930,942,1255,1279],"exposed":[289],"same":[292,297,691,1373],"environment":[293,316],"exactly":[295,346,805],"Otherwise,":[303],"if":[304,775,972,1241,1525],"both":[308,620,637,890,1050,1154],"fewer":[309,313],"aspects":[314],"there":[320,521,994,1355,1492,1514],"way":[324,1392],"parse":[326],"out":[327,815],"2":[329,870,926],"classes":[330],"influences.":[332],"Though":[333],"common":[335,607,1009,1032],"premise":[336],"research,":[339],"assumption":[341,395,410,425],"appears":[342],"unlikely":[343],"true.2,3":[347],"For":[348,531],"example,":[349,532,1227],"similarity":[352],"lead":[357],"similar":[360,386],"through":[362,782,1368,1377,1445],"their":[363,371,1174],"own":[364],"behaviors,":[365],"social":[368],"awareness":[369],"\u201cidentical\u201d":[372],"status":[373],"affect":[375,915],"behaviors":[377],"parents":[379],"others,":[381],"giving":[382],"experiences":[387],"Contemporary":[391],"debates":[392],"about":[393,512,1270,1539],"research":[398,1575],"therefore":[399],"focus":[400],"on":[401,468,536,672,819,982,1133,1146,1185,1192,1281,1428,1466,1474,1505],"quantitative":[403],"question":[404,454],"how":[406,415],"far":[407],"off":[408],"be,":[412],"thus":[414,1178],"large":[416],"resulting":[418,920,1348],"bias.4":[419],"Even":[420,1524],"small":[421,1498],"violations":[422],"easily":[427],"account":[428],"differences":[430,1333,1347,1500],"magnitude":[433,659],"(eg,":[439,765],"ORMZ":[440],"=":[441,445],"0.99":[442],"vs.":[443],"ORDZ":[444],"1.04).":[446],"THE":[447],"POTENTIAL":[448,739],"FOR":[449,740],"SURVIVOR":[450],"BIAS":[451,742],"Beyond":[452],"whether":[456],"representative":[459,1443],"births,":[462],"based":[467,1280],"27%":[470],"identified":[474],"population":[477,773,1522],"cohort":[478,573,639,678],"34%":[480],"observations":[483],"recruited":[484,758],"into":[485,1061],"study":[487,756,1000,1534],"cohort.":[488,546],"included":[491],"control":[495,717],"analysis,":[496,722],"it":[497,960,1418,1487],"necessary":[499],"least":[502],"pair":[507],"had":[508],"died.":[509],"Since":[510],"third":[514],"met":[518],"criterion,":[520],"strong":[523],"those":[526,542,575,1012],"related":[528],"death.":[530],"selected":[533,696,1382,1509],"average":[537],"12.4":[538],"older":[540],"full":[545,572,677],"Many":[547,1038],"prior":[548],"studies":[549],"show":[550],"relation":[553],"attenuates":[558],"with":[559,780,855,1439],"increasing":[560],"age,5,6":[561],"verified":[565,1480],"contrasting":[567],"effect":[568,665,788,1020,1132,1145,1189,1463,1496,1519],"current":[582,1533],"study.":[583],"Obesity":[584],"researchers":[585],"attenuation":[589],"due":[592,881,1005,1104,1219],"either":[593,823],"bias":[596,633,913,1060,1184,1211,1239],"or":[597,614,834,992,1095,1202,1351],"influence":[600,1139],"undiagnosed":[604],"diseases":[605],"old":[609],"age,":[610],"such":[611,963,976,1044,1080,1447],"as":[612,759,977,1045,1088,1315,1318,1374,1448],"cancer":[613,1179,1203],"Alzheimer":[615],"disease,":[616,1048],"can":[618],"induce":[619,1181],"loss":[622],"increased":[624],"risk.7":[626],"Either":[627],"possibilities":[630],"potentially":[632],"using":[645],"subset.":[648],"even":[652,1512],"provided":[653],"information":[655],"pointing":[656],"bias.":[662],"estimated":[664,1063,1187],"unit":[668],"change":[669,725,877],"all-cause":[673],"hazard":[681],"ratio":[682],"1.05":[684],"across":[685],"all":[686,947,953,1168],"(Table":[688],"1).":[689],"subcohort":[695],"contrast":[700],"produces":[701],"1.01":[704],"1.02":[708],"(Results).":[712],"There":[713],"so":[723],"roughly":[727,851],"70%":[728],"toward":[729],"null":[731],"restriction":[734],"alone.":[738],"SELECTION":[741],"IN":[743],"FIXED":[744],"EFFECTS":[745],"MODELS":[746],"exposure":[750,781,836,1314],"function":[761,1090],"outcome":[764,825],"any":[766,973,1325,1391],"case-control":[767],"design)":[768],"will":[769,876,1237],"misrepresent":[770],"source":[772],"correlated":[779],"pathways":[783],"etiologic":[787,1495],"interest.8":[790],"In":[791],"presented":[795],"colleagues,1":[802],"what":[806],"has":[807,1129],"happened:":[808],"majority":[810],"screened":[814],"basis":[821],"(one":[826],"already":[832],"died)":[833],"(they":[837],"been":[840],"discordant":[841,906,1217],"baseline).":[845],"Most":[846],"reported":[847,1297,1501],"values":[849],"concordant":[852],"21%":[857],"36%":[862],"differing":[866],"units.":[872],"subset":[880],"bias,":[884],"rather":[885],"confounding-reduction":[888],"alone,":[889],"should":[895],"affected.":[897],"less":[902,1249],"could":[914,1049,1085,1204],"groups":[918],"differently,":[919],"divergent":[922],"ORs":[923],"groups.":[927],"Fixed-effects":[928],"designs":[929,1572],"elegant":[932],"method":[933],"controlling":[935],"certain":[937],"unmeasured":[938,1440],"confounders,":[939],"panacea":[945],"confounding.":[948],"model":[950],"holds":[951,1231],"constant":[952],"shared":[957],"environment,":[958],"offers":[961],"reassurance":[964],"individual":[969,1106,1115,1135,1199,1242],"environment.":[970],"So":[971],"random":[974],"event,":[975],"accidentally":[978],"dropping":[979],"little":[980],"Sven":[981],"his":[983],"head":[984],"age":[986],"2,":[987],"eventually":[988],"affects":[989],"diet,":[990],"health,":[991],"behavior,":[993],"nothing":[996],"present":[999],"distinguishes":[1002],"BMI-mortality":[1003],"environmental":[1008,1096],"correlations":[1013],"arising":[1014],"direct":[1016,1131,1144],"causation.":[1017],"Thus,":[1018],"confounded":[1029],"individual-level":[1031],"mortality.":[1037,1068,1193],"sources":[1041],"incident":[1046],"non-CHD":[1047,1467,1506],"reduce":[1051,1238],"increase":[1054],"risk,":[1056],"introducing":[1057],"negative":[1059],"Why":[1069],"differ":[1075,1102,1341],"occurrences":[1078],"mechanisms?":[1081],"A":[1082],"unique":[1093,1414],"factor,":[1097],"while":[1098,1513],"nongenetic":[1107],"factors.":[1108],"Imagine":[1109],"simple":[1111],"scenario":[1112],"entirely":[1118,1489,1526],"determined":[1119],"3":[1121,1169],"factors:":[1122],"gene":[1124],"influences":[1126,1153],"mortality;":[1134,1147],"dietary":[1136,1200],"decisions,":[1137],"presence":[1149],"cancer,":[1151],"directly":[1157],"increases":[1158],"risk.":[1160],"Among":[1161,1194],"subset,":[1167],"contribute":[1172],"differences,":[1176,1207],"downward":[1183,1210],"causal":[1188,1327,1462],"however,":[1197],"decisions":[1201],"cause":[1205],"exacerbating":[1208],"inflating":[1213],"proportion":[1215],"cancer.":[1221],"highly":[1225],"simplified":[1226],"point":[1230],"generally:":[1232],"confound":[1244],"interest":[1248],"do.":[1253],"aware":[1256],"evidence":[1259],"supports":[1261],"assumption.":[1263],"LACK":[1264],"OF":[1265],"GENERALIZABILITY":[1266],"Setting":[1267],"aside":[1268],"internal":[1272],"validity":[1273],"findings,":[1276],"cohorts":[1287],"obesity":[1290,1397,1465],"rare":[1292],"(BMI":[1293],">30":[1294],"kg/m2":[1295],"3.5%":[1300],"women":[1302],"2.2%":[1304],"men).":[1306],"Furthermore,":[1307],"especially":[1310],"questionable":[1311],"diffusely":[1316],"defined":[1317],"BMI,":[1319],"does":[1321],"correspond":[1323],"specific":[1326],"pathway.9":[1328],"effects":[1330,1344,1395],"attributable":[1334],"predisposition":[1337],"well":[1340],"food":[1350],"activity-environment":[1352],"differences.":[1353],"reason":[1358],"assume":[1360],"impact":[1363],"higher":[1365],"achieved":[1367,1376],"mechanism":[1370],"another,":[1378],"comparison":[1380],"generalize":[1389],"general":[1400],"population.":[1401],"creative":[1410],"resource,":[1416],"cannot":[1419,1478],"viewed":[1421],"isolation":[1423],"extensive":[1426],"literature":[1427],"topic.":[1430],"Other":[1431],"found":[1434],"ways":[1436],"deal":[1438],"samples":[1444],"tools":[1446],"instrumental":[1449],"variables10":[1450],"Mendelian":[1452],"randomization,11":[1453],"many":[1455],"reports":[1458],"suggest":[1459,1549,1564],"important":[1461,1518],"outcomes.":[1468],"Nonetheless,":[1469],"approaches,":[1471],"too,":[1472],"rest":[1473],"assumptions":[1475],"often":[1477],"hand.":[1485],"Moreover,":[1486],"possible":[1490],"ago":[1504],"among":[1508],"Swedish":[1510],"truly":[1515],"exists":[1516],"unrestricted":[1521],"samples.":[1523],"valid,":[1527],"therefore,":[1528],"reveal":[1537],"much":[1538],"general.":[1544],"They":[1545],"certainly":[1547],"\u201cpublic":[1551],"health":[1552],"regarding":[1554],"overweight":[1555],"overemphasized.\u201d":[1558],"At":[1559],"best,":[1560],"might":[1562],"potential":[1567],"value":[1568],"controlled":[1571],"epidemiologic":[1574],"overemphasized.":[1578]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
