{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062968088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790110117467","title":"Becoming a Darwinian: the Micro\u2010politics of Sir Francis Galton's Scientific Career 1859\u201365","display_name":"Becoming a Darwinian: the Micro\u2010politics of Sir Francis Galton's Scientific Career 1859\u201365","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062968088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790110117467","mag":"2062968088","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15022666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00033790110117467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790110117467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790110117467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70236976","display_name":"Annals of Science","issn_l":"0003-3790","issn":["0003-3790","1464-505X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102821169","display_name":"John C. Waller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-6806","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-6806"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802844630","display_name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/05d64cx77","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802844630","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John C. Waller","raw_affiliation_strings":["a   Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine , University College London , 24 Eversholt Street, London, NW1 1AD,  UK  E-mail:","Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine , University College London , 24 Eversholt Street, London, NW1 1AD, UK E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a   Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine , University College London , 24 Eversholt Street, London, NW1 1AD,  UK  E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802844630","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine , University College London , 24 Eversholt Street, London, NW1 1AD, UK E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802844630","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102821169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802844630","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.751,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93979004,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"2","first_page":"141","last_page":"163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.5083000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.5083000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.24070000648498535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.18629999458789825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/francis-galton","display_name":"Francis Galton","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-careers","display_name":"scientific careers","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-elites","display_name":"scientific elites","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heredity-biology","display_name":"heredity (biology)","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heritability-of-intelligence","display_name":"heritability of intelligence","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-recognition","display_name":"scientific recognition","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nineteenth-century-science","display_name":"19th-century science","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charles-darwin","display_name":"Charles Darwin","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51779217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5519373","display_name":"Galton's problem","level":2,"score":0.9843180179595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196919123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183493","display_name":"Darwinism","level":2,"score":0.7458246946334839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143098186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178694","display_name":"Heredity","level":2,"score":0.518863320350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140610115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170480","display_name":"Eugenics","level":2,"score":0.48843494057655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.486637681722641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.45782265067100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4569471478462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4358499348163605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781354396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840407","display_name":"Enthusiasm","level":2,"score":0.4209921956062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4103337228298187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.34810760617256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2603328824043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22070851922035217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.21068128943443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17812451720237732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1755233108997345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1705448031425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1537933647632599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.140963613986969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10953038930892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10816586017608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005053","descriptor_name":"Eugenics","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013223","descriptor_name":"Statistics as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00033790110117467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790110117467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790110117467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70236976","display_name":"Annals of Science","issn_l":"0003-3790","issn":["0003-3790","1464-505X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15022666","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15022666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of science","raw_type":"Biography"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/504599","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/504599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"271689","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042498032","https://openalex.org/W2034519485","https://openalex.org/W4254931351","https://openalex.org/W2028934913","https://openalex.org/W2310841008","https://openalex.org/W7147558806","https://openalex.org/W2943904696","https://openalex.org/W2313011410","https://openalex.org/W268394109","https://openalex.org/W3003309266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"1865":[1,149],"Francis":[2],"Galton":[3,89,125,194],"(1822-1911)":[4],"published":[5],"'Hereditary":[6],"Talent":[7],"and":[8,38,134,148,228,264],"Character',":[9],"an":[10],"elaborate":[11],"attempt":[12],"to":[13,33,47,62,66,96,111,118,137,163,172,190,197,231,237,260],"prove":[14],"the":[15,20,27,35,94,100,103,112,131,165,176,199,202,232,239,246,249,253,271],"heritability":[16],"of":[17,22,29,41,69,80,102,114,156,185,201,209,218,241,251,255,273,286],"intelligence":[18],"on":[19,215],"basis":[21],"pedigree":[23],"data.":[24],"It":[25],"was":[26,57,225],"start":[28],"Galton's":[30,49,235],"lifelong":[31],"commitment":[32,61],"investigating":[34],"statistical":[36],"patterns":[37],"physiological":[39],"mechanisms":[40],"hereditary":[42],"transmission.":[43],"Most":[44],"existing":[45,157],"attempts":[46],"explain":[48],"fascination":[50],"for":[51],"heredity":[52],"have":[53],"argued":[54],"that":[55,77,127,160,167,224],"he":[56,128,150,168,179,213],"driven":[58],"by":[59,88],"a":[60,121,154,183,216,222],"conservative":[63],"political":[64,265],"ideologies":[65],"seek":[67],"means":[68],"naturalizing":[70],"human":[71],"inequality.":[72],"However,":[73],"this":[74,142],"paper":[75],"shows":[76],"another":[78],"factor":[79],"at":[81],"least":[82],"equal":[83],"importance":[84,250],"has":[85],"been":[86],"overlooked":[87],"scholars:":[90],"his":[91,109,242],"determination":[92],"during":[93,245],"1860s":[95,247],"be":[97],"accepted":[98],"among":[99],"ranks":[101],"Darwinian":[104,177,191,233],"inner":[105],"circle.":[106],"By":[107],"hitching":[108],"career":[110,244],"fortunes":[113],"what":[115],"looked":[116],"likely":[117],"emerge":[119],"as":[120,221],"new":[122],"scientific":[123,139,158,243,256],"elite,":[124],"felt":[126],"could":[129],"bypass":[130],"typically":[132],"slow":[133],"uncertain":[135],"route":[136],"achieving":[138],"distinction.":[140],"For":[141],"essentially":[143],"strategic":[144],"reason,":[145],"between":[146],"1860":[147],"drifted":[151],"away":[152],"from":[153],"set":[155],"concerns":[159],"were":[161],"failing":[162],"deliver":[164],"approbation":[166],"desired.":[169],"Earnestly":[170],"seeking":[171],"ingratiate":[173],"himself":[174],"with":[175,182],"lobby,":[178],"then":[180],"toyed":[181],"variety":[184],"potential":[186],"research":[187],"projects":[188],"relevant":[189],"evolution.":[192],"Yet":[193],"consistently":[195],"failed":[196],"stimulate":[198],"enthusiasm":[200],"Darwinians.":[203],"Finally,":[204],"however,":[205],"after":[206],"several":[207],"months":[208],"ruminating,":[210],"in":[211,258],"1864":[212],"settled":[214],"study":[217],"eminent":[219],"pedigrees":[220],"subject":[223],"both":[226],"germane":[227],"highly":[229],"useful":[230],"enterprise.":[234],"willingness":[236],"shift":[238],"direction":[240],"underscores":[248],"examining":[252],"micro-politics":[254],"careers":[257],"addition":[259],"their":[261],"broader":[262],"social":[263],"context.":[266],"This":[267],"account":[268],"also":[269],"emphasizes":[270],"limitations":[272],"class-based":[274],"explanations":[275],"even":[276],"when":[277],"considering":[278],"scientists":[279],"whose":[280],"work":[281],"seems":[282],"so":[283],"manifestly":[284],"indicative":[285],"ideological":[287],"motivation.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
