{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062963617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","title":"A Spring Forward for Hominin Evolution in East Africa","display_name":"A Spring Forward for Hominin Evolution in East Africa","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062963617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","mag":"2062963617","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25207544","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4160244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0107358&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0107358&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002080802","display_name":"Mark O. Cuthbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-022X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-022X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["AU","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark O. Cuthbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia","School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035630613","display_name":"Gail M. Ashley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-8389","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-8389"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gail M. Ashley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002080802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":1219,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1314},"fwci":20.766,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99031761,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"e107358","last_page":"e107358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12083","display_name":"Karst Systems and Hydrogeology","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.013799999840557575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hominin-evolution","display_name":"hominin evolution","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/springs","display_name":"springs","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-african-rift","display_name":"East African Rift","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/olduvai-gorge","display_name":"Olduvai Gorge","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-recharge","display_name":"groundwater recharge","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spring-discharge","display_name":"spring discharge","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-variability","display_name":"climate variability","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milankovitch-cycles","display_name":"Milankovitch cycles","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleoclimate","display_name":"paleoclimate","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-adaptation","display_name":"drought adaptation","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hominin-dispersal","display_name":"hominin dispersal","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugia","display_name":"refugia","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-modeling","display_name":"groundwater modeling","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102836","display_name":"Spring (device)","level":2,"score":0.5850731134414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5757706165313721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174091901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670986","display_name":"Groundwater recharge","level":4,"score":0.5187540054321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.46741604804992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181060458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4790326","display_name":"Aridification","level":3,"score":0.4549205005168915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.42817923426628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4066392183303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40242376923561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.3632965087890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.3302433490753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.20373940467834473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11127495765686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001106","descriptor_name":"Archaeology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002980","descriptor_name":"Climate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005580","descriptor_name":"Fossils","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013636","descriptor_name":"Tanzania","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017753","descriptor_name":"Ecosystem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019015","descriptor_name":"Geologic Sediments","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060587","descriptor_name":"Groundwater","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063147","descriptor_name":"Animal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0107358&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4160244","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4160244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:25207544","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25207544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.815.9582","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.815.9582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/47/16/pone.0107358.PMC4160244.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.01RUT_INST:11663573290004646","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/A-spring-forward-for-hominin-evolution/991031654811804646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401388","display_name":"Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","host_organization_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c49d21d7555d42cea8613e2a92d9f0ae","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c49d21d7555d42cea8613e2a92d9f0ae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 9, p e107358 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1528451","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1528451/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One , 9 (9) , Article e107358. (2014)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:105425","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/105425/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/7c9e8b2c-fe8a-413b-8cac-b732f27e9497","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-spring-forward-for-hominin-evolution-in-east-africa(7c9e8b2c-fe8a-413b-8cac-b732f27e9497).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cuthbert, M O & Ashley, G M 2014, 'A spring forward for hominin evolution in East Africa', PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 9, e107358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0107358&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4050205325","display_name":"Collaborative Research:   ACACIA:  Ancient Climate and the Authigenic Clay Index of Aridity","funder_award_id":"1349651","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4104599821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP7/2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6743050286","display_name":"How do groundwater-surface water interactions control recharge from ephemeral streams?","funder_award_id":"299091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323478","display_name":"Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03e04g978"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2062963617.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2062963617.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W246602818","https://openalex.org/W634536501","https://openalex.org/W1138498264","https://openalex.org/W1543382281","https://openalex.org/W1549679407","https://openalex.org/W1585871339","https://openalex.org/W1591289697","https://openalex.org/W1709599498","https://openalex.org/W1964028410","https://openalex.org/W1968700146","https://openalex.org/W1974331386","https://openalex.org/W1974544115","https://openalex.org/W1988104648","https://openalex.org/W1989056503","https://openalex.org/W1990610953","https://openalex.org/W1990989951","https://openalex.org/W1993368675","https://openalex.org/W2004510715","https://openalex.org/W2005028598","https://openalex.org/W2008862486","https://openalex.org/W2023742734","https://openalex.org/W2025328236","https://openalex.org/W2031568231","https://openalex.org/W2035894132","https://openalex.org/W2037308876","https://openalex.org/W2044595849","https://openalex.org/W2046168543","https://openalex.org/W2047651880","https://openalex.org/W2051264737","https://openalex.org/W2051278466","https://openalex.org/W2055406492","https://openalex.org/W2059179614","https://openalex.org/W2059760547","https://openalex.org/W2061126774","https://openalex.org/W2063333127","https://openalex.org/W2064384047","https://openalex.org/W2064995128","https://openalex.org/W2072102805","https://openalex.org/W2073088022","https://openalex.org/W2078443536","https://openalex.org/W2078803257","https://openalex.org/W2079402496","https://openalex.org/W2080449769","https://openalex.org/W2088699657","https://openalex.org/W2090147630","https://openalex.org/W2098175251","https://openalex.org/W2102701857","https://openalex.org/W2103928805","https://openalex.org/W2112170567","https://openalex.org/W2123102880","https://openalex.org/W2130463499","https://openalex.org/W2131885830","https://openalex.org/W2133495193","https://openalex.org/W2134354022","https://openalex.org/W2143821605","https://openalex.org/W2144172552","https://openalex.org/W2146239790","https://openalex.org/W2151984094","https://openalex.org/W2154451588","https://openalex.org/W2156740639","https://openalex.org/W2160432550","https://openalex.org/W2165677980","https://openalex.org/W2172170839","https://openalex.org/W2197599162","https://openalex.org/W2202668459","https://openalex.org/W2317284706","https://openalex.org/W2496608906","https://openalex.org/W2912219260","https://openalex.org/W3049151984","https://openalex.org/W4229733419","https://openalex.org/W4230219588","https://openalex.org/W4252983076"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2619212722","https://openalex.org/W2935989196","https://openalex.org/W2144172552","https://openalex.org/W2154451588","https://openalex.org/W7202142214","https://openalex.org/W2041651205","https://openalex.org/W7096418371","https://openalex.org/W2002631603","https://openalex.org/W4308460134","https://openalex.org/W2000314863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Groundwater":[0],"is":[1,11,44],"essential":[2],"to":[3,54,81,113,120,126,156,167,169,188],"modern":[4],"human":[5,67],"survival":[6],"during":[7,32,200,219],"drought":[8],"periods.":[9],"There":[10],"also":[12],"growing":[13],"geological":[14],"evidence":[15],"of":[16,87,100,118,225],"springs":[17,50],"associated":[18,90],"with":[19,91],"stone":[20],"tools":[21],"and":[22,57,84,97,197,211,223],"hominin":[23,37,220],"fossils":[24],"in":[25,66,208],"the":[26,85,101,193],"East":[27,114],"African":[28,115],"Rift":[29],"System":[30],"(EARS)":[31],"a":[33,64,216],"critical":[34],"period":[35],"for":[36],"evolution":[38],"(from":[39],"1.8":[40],"Ma).":[41],"However":[42],"it":[43],"not":[45],"known":[46],"how":[47,107],"vulnerable":[48],"these":[49],"may":[51,61],"have":[52,62,132,189],"been":[53,133,190],"climate":[55,78,116],"variability":[56,117],"whether":[58],"groundwater":[59,98,151,184],"availability":[60],"played":[63],"part":[65],"evolution.":[68],"Recent":[69],"interdisciplinary":[70],"research":[71],"at":[72],"Olduvai":[73,102],"Gorge,":[74],"Tanzania,":[75],"has":[76],"documented":[77],"fluctuations":[79],"attributable":[80],"astronomic":[82],"forcing":[83],"presence":[86],"paleosprings":[88],"directly":[89],"archaeological":[92],"sites.":[93],"Using":[94],"palaeogeological":[95],"reconstruction":[96],"modelling":[99],"Gorge":[103],"paleo-catchment,":[104],"we":[105],"show":[106],"spring":[108,129,148],"discharge":[109],"was":[110],"likely":[111,187],"linked":[112],"annual":[119],"Milankovitch":[121],"cycle":[122],"timescales.":[123],"Under":[124],"decadal":[125],"centennial":[127],"timescales,":[128],"flow":[130],"would":[131],"relatively":[134],"invariant":[135],"providing":[136,195],"good":[137],"water":[138,175],"resource":[139,218],"resilience":[140],"through":[141],"long":[142,162],"droughts.":[143],"For":[144],"multi-millennial":[145],"periods,":[146,202],"modelled":[147],"flows":[149],"lag":[150,160],"recharge":[152],"by":[153],"100":[154],"s":[155],"1000":[157],"years.":[158],"The":[159],"creates":[161],"buffer":[163],"periods":[164],"allowing":[165],"hominins":[166],"adapt":[168],"new":[170],"habitats":[171],"as":[172,213,215],"potable":[173],"surface":[174],"from":[176],"rivers":[177],"or":[178],"lakes":[179],"became":[180],"increasingly":[181],"scarce.":[182],"Localised":[183],"systems":[185],"are":[186],"widespread":[191],"within":[192,222],"EARS":[194],"refugia":[196],"intense":[198],"competition":[199],"dry":[201],"thus":[203],"being":[204],"an":[205],"important":[206],"factor":[207],"natural":[209],"selection":[210],"evolution,":[212],"well":[214],"vital":[217],"dispersal":[221],"out":[224],"Africa.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}