{"id":"https://openalex.org/W206269055","doi":null,"title":"Transnational Organized Crime: An Imminent Threat to the Nation-State?","display_name":"Transnational Organized Crime: An Imminent Threat to the Nation-State?","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W206269055","mag":"206269055"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:206269055","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=3273423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14378380","display_name":"Journal of international affairs","issn_l":"0022-197X","issn":["0022-197X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316010","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of international affairs","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005785638","display_name":"Louise Shelley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8113-796X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8113-796X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Louise Shelley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005785638"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":175,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94654466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"2","first_page":"463","last_page":"489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transnational-organized-crime","display_name":"transnational organized crime","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nation-state","display_name":"nation-state","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-criminal-policy","display_name":"international criminal policy","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-trafficking","display_name":"drug trafficking","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"money laundering","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mafia","display_name":"mafia","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arms-trafficking","display_name":"arms trafficking","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smuggling","display_name":"smuggling","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-cooperation-against-crime","display_name":"international cooperation against crime","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/un-convention-against-transnational-organized-crime","display_name":"UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/council-of-europe","display_name":"Council of Europe","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European Union","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-cold-war-security","display_name":"post-Cold War security","score":0.718999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27219730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46952","display_name":"Organised crime","level":2,"score":0.8000527620315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.5851032137870789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780409804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621701","display_name":"Apprehension","level":2,"score":0.5090043544769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.49706318974494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.47607487440109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12891156","display_name":"Seriousness","level":2,"score":0.4717859923839569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.42947471141815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3441157937049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3142414391040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.31392279267311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:206269055","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=3273423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14378380","display_name":"Journal of international affairs","issn_l":"0022-197X","issn":["0022-197X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316010","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of international affairs","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891097731","https://openalex.org/W2910240808","https://openalex.org/W4392036718","https://openalex.org/W3153878168","https://openalex.org/W203874975","https://openalex.org/W1803613890","https://openalex.org/W7216680288","https://openalex.org/W2902901413","https://openalex.org/W4386405118","https://openalex.org/W4302318373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transnational":[0,363,530],"organized":[1,110,185,225,356,364,404,544],"crime":[2,186,226,239,242,357,365,405,468,545,604],"has":[3,16,72,313,358,366,388,567],"been":[4,19,73,359,367,389,568],"a":[5,22,41,126,315,409],"serious":[6,127],"problem":[7,129,137,486],"for":[8,80,369,414,583],"most":[9],"of":[10,33,56,90,135,142,169,175,219,223,232,256,274,289,294,320,334,340,373,382,411,435,477,484,501,522,529,543,553,574,585,602],"the":[11,25,31,44,54,63,66,88,98,136,140,152,167,170,173,230,285,295,311,337,341,370,380,383,412,419,423,430,433,442,447,456,462,472,489,499,506,520,523,527,537,547,554,562,572,575,581,586,595,600],"20th":[12],"century,":[13],"but":[14,36,201,375],"it":[15,37,346,376,387],"only":[17,378],"recently":[18,399],"recognized":[20],"as":[21,184,250,272,324,418,429,455,559,561],"threat":[23,42,153],"to":[24,43,47,105,108,124,156,327,437,515,599],"world":[26,448,490,507],"order.":[27],"This":[28],"criminality":[29],"undermines":[30],"integrity":[32],"individual":[34],"countries,":[35,205],"is":[38,115,130,236,347,377],"not":[39,228],"yet":[40],"nation-state.":[45,171,524],"Failure":[46],"develop":[48,106,438],"viable,":[49],"coordinated":[50],"international":[51,77,91,103,128,353,396,426,503,541],"policies":[52],"in":[53,65,95,120,139,192,199,245,262,268,304,441,526,606],"face":[55],"ever-growing":[57],"transnational":[58,178,224,318,403,467,592,603],"criminality,":[59],"however,":[60],"may":[61],"undermine":[62,166,498],"nation-state":[64],"21st":[67],"century.":[68],"The":[69,112,133,221,398,533,578],"global":[149],"mafia":[71],"sensationalized":[74],"by":[75,391],"an":[76,102],"press":[78],"eager":[79],"exciting":[81],"copy,":[82],"and":[83,145,151,158,211,252,258,260,278,284,287,292,308,317,336,395,422,425,432,465,474,505,509,539,550,588],"intelligence":[84],"organizations":[85,144,164,180,427,496],"are":[86,190,209,513,546],"assessing":[87],"dimensions":[89],"drug":[92],"trafficking.(2)":[93],"Furthermore,":[94],"November":[96],"1994":[97],"United":[99],"Nations":[100],"sponsored":[101],"conference":[104],"strategies":[107],"combat":[109],"crime.(3)":[111],"European":[113],"Union":[114],"also":[116,266],"taking":[117],"numerous":[118],"initiatives":[119],"this":[121,176,332,485],"area.":[122],"Attention":[123],"such":[125,246,269,451],"long":[131],"overdue.":[132],"seriousness":[134],"lies":[138],"complexity":[141,222,335],"these":[143,163,321],"their":[146,148,197],"activities,":[147,323],"penetration":[150],"they":[154,325,512],"pose":[155],"democracy":[157],"legitimate":[159],"economic":[160,473,551,589],"development":[161],"-":[162],"clearly":[165],"concept":[168,521],"For":[172],"purposes":[174],"article":[177],"criminal":[179,495],"will":[181],"be":[182],"considered":[183],"groups":[187,243,290],"that":[188,350,386,469,488,497],"1)":[189],"based":[191],"one":[193,200],"state;":[194],"2)":[195],"commit":[196],"crimes":[198],"usually":[202],"several":[203],"host":[204],"whose":[206],"market":[207,282],"conditions":[208],"favorable;":[210],"3)":[212],"conduct":[213],"illicit":[214],"activities":[215,249,271],"affording":[216],"low":[217],"risk":[218],"apprehension.(4)":[220],"does":[227],"permit":[229],"construction":[231],"simple":[233],"generalizations;":[234],"there":[235],"no":[237,351],"prototypical":[238],"cartel.":[240],"Organized":[241,531],"engage":[244,267],"widely":[247],"publicized":[248],"drugs":[251],"arms":[253],"trafficking,":[254],"smuggling":[255,273],"automobiles":[257],"people":[259],"trafficking":[261],"stolen":[263],"art.":[264],"They":[265],"insidious":[270],"embargoed":[275],"commodities,":[276],"industrial":[277],"technological":[279,548,587],"espionage,":[280],"financial":[281,306],"manipulation":[283],"corruption":[286],"control":[288],"within":[291],"outside":[293],"legal":[296],"state":[297],"system.":[298],"Money":[299],"laundering":[300],"through":[301],"multiple":[302],"investments":[303],"banks,":[305],"institutions":[307],"businesses":[309],"around":[310],"globe":[312],"become":[314],"central":[316],"feature":[319],"groups'":[322],"need":[326,413],"hide":[328],"ever-larger":[329],"revenues.(5)":[330],"Given":[331],"level":[333],"political":[338,475,596],"dynamics":[339],"post-Second":[342],"World":[343,556],"War":[344,385,444,557],"period,":[345],"hardly":[348],"surprising":[349],"comprehensive":[352],"effort":[354],"against":[355],"initiated":[360],"until":[361],"recently.":[362],"problematic":[368],"last":[371],"couple":[372],"decades,":[374],"since":[379,571],"end":[381],"Cold":[384],"addressed":[390],"so":[392],"many":[393,478,584],"countries":[394],"bodies.":[397],"mounted":[400],"attack":[401],"on":[402,450],"is,":[406],"indeed,":[407],"partly":[408],"consequence":[410],"security":[415,504],"bodies":[416],"(such":[417,428],"CIA,":[420],"KGB":[421],"Mossad)":[424],"U.N.":[431],"Council":[434],"Europe)":[436],"new":[439],"missions":[440],"post-cold":[443],"era.":[445],"While":[446],"focused":[449],"highly":[452,493],"visible":[453],"problems":[454],"superpower":[457],"conflict":[458],"or":[459],"regional":[460],"hostilities,":[461],"increasingly":[463,540],"pemicious":[464],"pervasive":[466],"now":[470,491],"threatens":[471],"stability":[476],"nations":[479],"was":[480],"ignored.":[481],"Long-term":[482],"neglect":[483],"means":[487],"faces":[492],"developed":[494],"rule":[500],"law,":[502],"economy":[508],"which,":[510],"if":[511],"allowed":[514],"continue":[516],"unimpeded,":[517],"could":[518],"threaten":[519],"Factors":[525],"Growth":[528],"Crime":[532],"fundamental":[534],"forces":[535],"underlying":[536],"growth":[538],"character":[542],"explosion":[549],"boom":[552],"post-second":[555],"period":[558],"well":[560],"current":[563],"geopolitical":[564],"situation,":[565],"which":[566],"rapidly":[569],"evolving":[570],"collapse":[573],"socialist":[576],"world.":[577],"1960s":[579],"represent":[580],"benchmark":[582],"changes":[590,597],"affecting":[591],"crimes,":[593],"whereas":[594],"contributing":[598],"spread":[601],"emerged":[605],"subsequent":[607],"decades.":[608],"\u2026":[609]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
