{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062462941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","title":"Use of Organic Inputs in Management of Alfisols and Ultisols for Sustainable Maize Production in Western Kenya","display_name":"Use of Organic Inputs in Management of Alfisols and Ultisols for Sustainable Maize Production in Western Kenya","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062462941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","mag":"2062462941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169779","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","issn_l":"2231-0606","issn":["2231-0606","2457-0591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Experimental Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081413426","display_name":"George Ouma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I315205436","display_name":"Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffvb852","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315205436"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Ouma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bondo University College, P. O. Box 210, Bondo, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bondo University College, P. O. Box 210, Bondo, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I315205436"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081413426"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I315205436"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84398005,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"884","last_page":"895"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12310","display_name":"Crop Yield and Soil Fertility","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13246","display_name":"Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize","display_name":"maize","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alfisol","display_name":"Alfisol","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultisol","display_name":"Ultisol","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-inputs","display_name":"organic inputs","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmyard-manure","display_name":"farmyard manure","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-fertilizers","display_name":"mineral fertilizers","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-soils","display_name":"acid soils","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-agriculture","display_name":"sustainable agriculture","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-fertility","display_name":"soil fertility","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-yield","display_name":"grain yield","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-kenya","display_name":"Western Kenya","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kakamega","display_name":"Kakamega","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-security","display_name":"food security","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-ph","display_name":"soil pH","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-fertilization","display_name":"nitrogen fertilization","score":0.6050000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154108195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1115789","display_name":"Ultisol","level":3,"score":0.7931294441223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.7023851275444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13558536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785116","display_name":"Cropping","level":3,"score":0.6619881391525269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5704649686813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38774213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202080","display_name":"Soil fertility","level":3,"score":0.5620715618133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993531722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11575","display_name":"Zea mays","level":2,"score":0.5118011832237244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5017578601837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.4917469322681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4464784562587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.4374697804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.43336430191993713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776394811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3634497","display_name":"Cropping system","level":3,"score":0.42954060435295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989409935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Crop production","level":3,"score":0.4107184410095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.3997432291507721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3268035054206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2781059145927429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.24401995539665222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09157928824424744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.08972641825675964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08599251508712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169779","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","issn_l":"2231-0606","issn":["2231-0606","2457-0591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Experimental Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journaljeai.com:article/963","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journaljeai.com/index.php/JEAI/article/view/963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169779","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","issn_l":"2231-0606","issn":["2231-0606","2457-0591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2457-0591","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05569865v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05569865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2013, 3 (4), pp.884-895","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8233","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/4733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169779","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","issn_l":"2231-0606","issn":["2231-0606","2457-0591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Experimental Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.7605999708175659,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555309368","https://openalex.org/W1980329935","https://openalex.org/W1998013635","https://openalex.org/W2042091436","https://openalex.org/W2104226344","https://openalex.org/W2116938707","https://openalex.org/W2133426143","https://openalex.org/W2137255447","https://openalex.org/W2154147229","https://openalex.org/W2157301431","https://openalex.org/W2160456302","https://openalex.org/W2308829138","https://openalex.org/W2744932809","https://openalex.org/W2745017340","https://openalex.org/W2789725586","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041416825","https://openalex.org/W2007929378","https://openalex.org/W7101231396","https://openalex.org/W4213281380","https://openalex.org/W17731273","https://openalex.org/W7082161674","https://openalex.org/W2162490531","https://openalex.org/W2142400170","https://openalex.org/W7138851053","https://openalex.org/W2547922000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maize":[0,192],"(Zea":[1],"mays":[2],"L.)":[3],"is":[4,36,43,67],"an":[5],"important":[6],"food":[7,85],"crop":[8,329],"in":[9,17,24,27,92,99,123,170,179,185,197,206,270,312,330,348],"western":[10,101],"Kenya,":[11,102],"mostly":[12],"grown":[13],"by":[14,46,265,278,299],"smallholder":[15,346],"farmers":[16,347],"complex":[18],"and":[19,57,97,105,119,133,149,156,168,172,181,190,281,316],"risky":[20],"cropping":[21],"systems.":[22],"Trends":[23],"population":[25,310],"growth":[26],"the":[28,32,47,150,235,303],"country":[29],"indicate":[30],"that":[31,164],"demand":[33],"for":[34],"maize":[35,214,226,262,275,296,309,314,343],"projected":[37],"to":[38,81,108,154,200,259,355],"increase":[39],"3-4%":[40],"annually.":[41],"Production":[42],"however":[44],"hampered":[45],"predominance":[48],"of":[49,60,74,84,111,137,218,237,320,335,359],"fragile":[50],"ecosystems":[51],"(acidic":[52],"soils),":[53],"low":[54,58,313],"soil":[55,94],"fertility":[56],"use":[59],"chemical":[61],"inputs.":[62],"The":[63,139],"average":[64],"grain":[65,193,215,276,297,315],"yield":[66,136,194,216,263,277,298],"less":[68],"than":[69],"1.0":[70],"t":[71,78],"ha-1":[72,212,337],"instead":[73],"a":[75],"reachable":[76],"5.0":[77,167],"ha-1,":[79,243],"leading":[80],"vicious":[82],"cycle":[83],"insecurity.":[86],"An":[87],"on-farm":[88],"experiment":[89],"was":[90,141,152,166,195,257],"conducted":[91],"two":[93],"types":[95],"(Alfisols":[96],"Ultisols)":[98],"Kakamega,":[100],"between":[103,279],"February":[104],"September":[106],"2007":[107],"test":[109],"effects":[110],"various":[112],"organic":[113,204,272],"inputs":[114,205,273],"(Farmyard":[115],"manure,":[116,323],"Tithonia":[117],"biomass":[118,325],"Desmodium":[120],"cover":[121,328],"crop)":[122],"combination":[124,207,331],"with":[125,208,332],"inorganic":[126,231,247,339,360],"fertilizers":[127],"(N,":[128],"P,":[129],"K,":[130],"Mg,":[131],"B":[132],"Zn)":[134],"on":[135],"maize.":[138],"design":[140],"Randomized":[142],"Complete":[143],"Block":[144],"Design,":[145],"replicated":[146],"5":[147],"times":[148],"data":[151],"subjected":[153],"ANOVA":[155],"DMRT":[157],"tests.":[158],"Soil":[159],"analysis":[160],"before":[161],"planting":[162],"indicated":[163],"pH":[165],"5.4":[169],"Alfisols":[171],"Ultisols,":[173,271],"respectively.":[174],"Both":[175],"soils":[176,350],"were":[177],"deficient":[178],"N":[180,211,239,251,289,336],"P":[182,242,255,293],"but":[183],"adequate":[184,357],"exchangeable":[186],"bases":[187],"(K,":[188],"Ca":[189],"Mg).":[191],"higher":[196],"Ultisols":[198],"compared":[199],"Alfisols.":[201],"In":[202,268],"Alfisols,":[203],"30":[209,333],"kg":[210,250,254,288,292,334],"gave":[213],"improvement":[217],"nearly":[219],"100%":[220],"over":[221,302],"farmer\u2019s":[222,304],"practice":[223],"(non":[224],"improved":[225],"variety,":[227],"wider":[228],"plant":[229],"spacing,":[230],"fertilizer":[232,248],"applied":[233,258],"at":[234],"rate":[236],"20":[238,241],"+":[240,252,290],"one":[244],"weeding).":[245],"When":[246],"(60":[249],"60":[253,287,291],"ha-1)":[256,294],"maize/banana":[260,284],"intercrop,":[261],"increased":[264,274,295],"about":[266],"40%.":[267],"contrast,":[269],"85%":[280],"115%,":[282],"while":[283],"intercrop":[285,307],"(plus":[286],"only":[300],"4%":[301],"practice.":[305],"Banana":[306],"reduced":[308],"resulting":[311],"stover":[317],"yield.":[318],"Use":[319],"either":[321],"farmyard":[322],"tithonia":[324],"or":[326],"desmonium":[327],"(from":[338],"source)":[340],"can":[341],"enhance":[342],"production":[344],"among":[345],"acidic":[349],"who":[351],"ordinarily":[352],"cannot":[353],"afford":[354],"purchase":[356],"quantities":[358],"fertilizers.":[361]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}