{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062016160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4007.431","title":"Operant Conditioning of Specific Patterns of Neural and Muscular Activity","display_name":"Operant Conditioning of Specific Patterns of Neural and Muscular Activity","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062016160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4007.431","mag":"2062016160","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5000088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.174.4007.431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4007.431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4007.431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2062016160"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051313580","display_name":"Eberhard E. Fetz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5767-9531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5767-9531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eberhard E. Fetz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021263493","display_name":"Dom V. Finocchio","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dom V. Finocchio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3066,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":200,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9784029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"174","issue":"4007","first_page":"431","last_page":"435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operant-conditioning","display_name":"operant conditioning","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-cortex","display_name":"motor cortex","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-unit-activity","display_name":"single-unit activity","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arm-muscles","display_name":"arm muscles","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elbow-position","display_name":"elbow position","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isometric-contraction","display_name":"isometric contraction","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-movement","display_name":"passive movement","score":0.4970000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103486182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216236","display_name":"Isometric exercise","level":2,"score":0.8174088001251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781184374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586","display_name":"Elbow","level":2,"score":0.6688494086265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778373776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18696","display_name":"Motor cortex","level":3,"score":0.6520862579345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5161110162734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.49811720848083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127006","display_name":"Muscle contraction","level":2,"score":0.47438982129096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985495968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422453","display_name":"Motor activity","level":2,"score":0.46267980337142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.4402655065059662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163415756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126473","display_name":"Contraction (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.41417187452316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.37991228699684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.33640044927597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2936161160469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.10308250784873962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09083467721939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.06957018375396729}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001132","descriptor_name":"Arm","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003216","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Operant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004550","descriptor_name":"Elbow","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004594","descriptor_name":"Electrophysiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009044","descriptor_name":"Motor Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009119","descriptor_name":"Muscle Contraction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.174.4007.431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4007.431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4007.431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:5000088","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5000088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1799331832","https://openalex.org/W1965366646","https://openalex.org/W1990456927","https://openalex.org/W2040873398","https://openalex.org/W2054391110","https://openalex.org/W2071527993","https://openalex.org/W2258378026","https://openalex.org/W2396078356","https://openalex.org/W2401619185","https://openalex.org/W2416122136","https://openalex.org/W2777891098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045413455","https://openalex.org/W138294269","https://openalex.org/W31154670","https://openalex.org/W1971412067","https://openalex.org/W2069451007","https://openalex.org/W2565462988","https://openalex.org/W2154692152","https://openalex.org/W1879986663","https://openalex.org/W2173590051","https://openalex.org/W2026737075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"awake":[1],"monkeys":[2],"we":[3,39,56],"recorded":[4],"activity":[5,73,104],"of":[6,23,60,62,70,79],"single":[7],"\"motor\"":[8],"cortex":[9],"cells,":[10],"four":[11,64],"contralateral":[12],"arm":[13,29,89],"muscles,":[14],"and":[15,44,68,75,87,105],"elbow":[16,42,50],"position,":[17],"while":[18],"operantly":[19],"reinforcing":[20,102],"several":[21,94],"patterns":[22],"motor":[24],"activity.":[25,81],"With":[26,52],"the":[27,37,53,63],"monkey's":[28],"held":[30],"semiprone":[31],"in":[32,66],"a":[33,84],"cast":[34,54],"hinged":[35],"at":[36],"elbow,":[38],"reinforced":[40,57],"active":[41],"movements":[43],"tested":[45],"cell":[46,72,86,103],"responses":[47],"to":[48],"passive":[49],"movements.":[51],"immobilized":[55],"isometric":[58],"contraction":[59],"each":[61],"muscles":[65,90],"isolation,":[67],"bursts":[69],"cortical":[71],"with":[74],"without":[76],"simultaneous":[77],"suppression":[78],"muscle":[80,106],"Correlations":[82],"between":[83],"precentral":[85],"specific":[88],"consistently":[91],"appeared":[92],"under":[93],"behavioral":[95],"conditions,":[96],"but":[97],"could":[98],"be":[99],"dissociated":[100],"by":[101],"suppression.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
