{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062007134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/41166143","title":"When Two (or More) Heads are Better Than One: The Promise and Pitfalls of Shared Leadership","display_name":"When Two (or More) Heads are Better Than One: The Promise and Pitfalls of Shared Leadership","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062007134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/41166143","mag":"2062007134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/41166143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/41166143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/41166143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172782825","display_name":"California Management Review","issn_l":"0008-1256","issn":["0008-1256","2162-8564"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"California Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026737485","display_name":"James O\u2019Toole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1650-7910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1650-7910"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James O'Toole","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004868456","display_name":"Jay R. Galbraith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Galbraith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112294555","display_name":"Edward E. Lawler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward E. Lawler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":231,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88628392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"4","first_page":"65","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10970","display_name":"Team Dynamics and Performance","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10970","display_name":"Team Dynamics and Performance","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.26829999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12843","display_name":"Human Resource and Talent Management","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-leadership","display_name":"shared leadership","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-leadership","display_name":"corporate leadership","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-effectiveness","display_name":"leadership effectiveness","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-hierarchy","display_name":"organizational hierarchy","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-responsibility","display_name":"shared responsibility","score":0.656000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777020284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555987","display_name":"Limelight","level":2,"score":0.8671612739562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88251983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7489549","display_name":"Shared leadership","level":3,"score":0.7373822331428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.6361158490180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.6144624352455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5264958739280701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68489960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370659","display_name":"Transactional leadership","level":2,"score":0.5181214213371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7225491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697537","display_name":"Leadership studies","level":3,"score":0.4590204656124115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67126808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912387","display_name":"Servant leadership","level":3,"score":0.4580188989639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44624724984169006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780271678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508669","display_name":"Leadership development","level":2,"score":0.4440714716911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207195186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846002","display_name":"Neuroleadership","level":4,"score":0.4402748942375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.43011391162872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92063252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4251494","display_name":"Creating shared value","level":3,"score":0.4292529821395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107309635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484275","display_name":"Leadership","level":3,"score":0.42786964774131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4144241213798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.41311803460121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197386563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508686","display_name":"Leadership style","level":2,"score":0.3970463275909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141261163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218600","display_name":"Corporate social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.35199880599975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32794633507728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11093717813491821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07634419202804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/41166143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/41166143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/41166143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172782825","display_name":"California Management Review","issn_l":"0008-1256","issn":["0008-1256","2162-8564"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"California Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7564371","https://openalex.org/W105134147","https://openalex.org/W418202936","https://openalex.org/W1523963444","https://openalex.org/W1603003978","https://openalex.org/W2598570906"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095493439","https://openalex.org/W7096881226","https://openalex.org/W1499619","https://openalex.org/W2019172051","https://openalex.org/W2993002009","https://openalex.org/W2475552365","https://openalex.org/W4412319547","https://openalex.org/W7128695846","https://openalex.org/W3125698521","https://openalex.org/W2149907620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"both":[1],"the":[2,18,24,41,50,57,86,96,101],"business":[3],"press":[4],"and":[5],"in":[6,40],"academic":[7],"journals,":[8],"corporate":[9,42],"leadership":[10,35,73],"typically":[11],"is":[12,36,45,89],"portrayed":[13],"as":[14],"a":[15,74],"solo":[16],"activity,":[17],"responsibility":[19],"of":[20,26,59],"one":[21],"person":[22],"at":[23,56],"top":[25],"an":[27],"organizational":[28],"hierarchy.":[29],"However,":[30],"evidence":[31],"shows":[32],"that":[33,84],"shared":[34],"not":[37],"only":[38],"common":[39],"world,":[43],"it":[44,81],"often":[46],"more":[47,90],"effective":[48],"than":[49,92,105],"storied":[51],"one-man":[52],"shows.":[53],"Ongoing":[54],"research":[55],"University":[58],"Southern":[60],"California's":[61],"Center":[62],"for":[63],"Effective":[64],"Organizations":[65],"pinpoints":[66],"several":[67],"factors":[68],"needed":[69],"to":[70],"make":[71],"joint":[72],"success.":[75],"Where":[76],"two\u2014or":[77],"more\u2014individuals":[78],"share":[79],"leadership,":[80],"turns":[82],"out":[83],"making":[85],"arrangement":[87],"work":[88],"complicated":[91],"simply":[93],"divvying":[94],"up":[95],"tasks.":[97],"For":[98],"example,":[99],"sharing":[100,106],"limelight":[102],"seems":[103],"harder":[104],"responsibility.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}