{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061867262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.11930","title":"Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I","display_name":"Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061867262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.11930","mag":"2061867262","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356568","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2376985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.11930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.11930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.11930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2376985","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"G. J. Fitzgerald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. J. Fitzgerald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, New York University, 35 W 4th St, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10012, USA. gjf239@nyu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, New York University, 35 W 4th St, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10012, USA. gjf239@nyu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4054,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97073357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"98","issue":"4","first_page":"611","last_page":"625"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11971","display_name":"World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact","score":0.3783999979496002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11971","display_name":"World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact","score":0.3783999979496002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11430","display_name":"Disaster Response and Management","score":0.319599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10875","display_name":"Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.0868000015616417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-weapons","display_name":"chemical weapons","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-i","display_name":"World War I","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chlorine-gas","display_name":"chlorine gas","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phosgene","display_name":"phosgene","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sulfur-mustard","display_name":"sulfur mustard","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-warfare","display_name":"chemical warfare","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-response","display_name":"medical response","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-preparedness","display_name":"public health preparedness","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-industry-workers","display_name":"chemical industry workers","score":0.375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101216236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483610","display_name":"Chemical warfare","level":2,"score":0.8802990317344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779669469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895508","display_name":"Battlefield","level":2,"score":0.6290320754051208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5436278581619263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5341160893440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5010380744934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991833021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361","display_name":"First world war","level":2,"score":0.4783320426940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.4776129424571991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59411770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242560","display_name":"Biological warfare","level":2,"score":0.47352099418640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11982227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201424","display_name":"Nuclear warfare","level":3,"score":0.47303861379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137355542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362","display_name":"World War II","level":2,"score":0.4621814489364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544453697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1480945","display_name":"Military medicine","level":2,"score":0.41418227553367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.41169583797454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194110935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12802","display_name":"Nuclear weapon","level":2,"score":0.3889663517475128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3158789873123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23392844200134277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.22764533758163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.1071019172668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002618","descriptor_name":"Chemical Warfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002619","descriptor_name":"Chemical Warfare Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004189","descriptor_name":"Disaster Planning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005060","descriptor_name":"Europe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012134","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Protective Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D047828","descriptor_name":"World War I","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054044","descriptor_name":"Weapons of Mass Destruction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.11930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.11930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.11930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2376985","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2376985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:18356568","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of public health","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2376985","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2376985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W256994740","https://openalex.org/W646133391","https://openalex.org/W1970826413","https://openalex.org/W2031791829","https://openalex.org/W2038263638","https://openalex.org/W2054063300","https://openalex.org/W2071839784","https://openalex.org/W2076118228","https://openalex.org/W2080205090","https://openalex.org/W2095464401","https://openalex.org/W2103507264","https://openalex.org/W2316282401","https://openalex.org/W2335669723","https://openalex.org/W2592108888","https://openalex.org/W2742266900","https://openalex.org/W2949422683","https://openalex.org/W2999983448","https://openalex.org/W3082746575"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3025326371","https://openalex.org/W4245917753","https://openalex.org/W7014212802","https://openalex.org/W4405372397","https://openalex.org/W4318372846","https://openalex.org/W4253223223","https://openalex.org/W2114549195","https://openalex.org/W2479090507","https://openalex.org/W2486817955","https://openalex.org/W2487334965"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,50,96],"first":[1],"large-scale":[2,93],"use":[3],"of":[4,8,19,39,55,98],"a":[5,65,117],"traditional":[6],"weapon":[7],"mass":[9],"destruction":[10],"(chemical,":[11],"biological,":[12],"or":[13,124],"nuclear)":[14],"involved":[15,90],"the":[16,31,35,40,47,80,87,92],"successful":[17],"deployment":[18,54],"chemical":[20,84,99,119],"weapons":[21,100,120],"during":[22,104],"World":[23],"War":[24,33],"I":[25],"(1914-1918).":[26],"Historians":[27],"now":[28],"refer":[29],"to":[30],"Great":[32],"as":[34,59],"chemist's":[36],"war":[37,56,106],"because":[38],"scientific":[41],"and":[42,53,62,67,77,102],"engineering":[43],"mobilization":[44],"efforts":[45],"by":[46],"major":[48],"belligerents.":[49],"development,":[51],"production,":[52],"gases":[57],"such":[58],"chlorine,":[60],"phosgene,":[61],"mustard":[63],"created":[64],"new":[66],"complex":[68],"public":[69,112],"health":[70,113],"threat":[71],"that":[72,105],"endangered":[73],"not":[74],"only":[75],"soldiers":[76],"civilians":[78],"on":[79,86],"battlefield":[81],"but":[82],"also":[83],"workers":[85],"home":[88],"front":[89],"in":[91],"manufacturing":[94],"processes.":[95],"story":[97],"research":[101],"development":[103],"provides":[107],"useful":[108],"insights":[109],"for":[110],"current":[111],"practitioners":[114],"faced":[115],"with":[116],"possible":[118],"attack":[121],"against":[122],"civilian":[123],"military":[125],"populations.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}