{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061473569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.6.2151","title":"Fusion of bacterial protoplasts.","display_name":"Fusion of bacterial protoplasts.","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061473569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.6.2151","mag":"2061473569","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/819934","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/430468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.73.6.2151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.6.2151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.6.2151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC430468/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090138887","display_name":"Pierre Schaeffer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102197404","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/028rypz17","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I277688954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Schaeffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Microbiologie, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Microbiologie, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102197404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036024108","display_name":"B. Cami","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102197404","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/028rypz17","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I277688954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B Cami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Microbiologie, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Microbiologie, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102197404"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089377620","display_name":"Rollin D. Hotchkiss","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102197404","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/028rypz17","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I277688954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R D Hotchkiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Microbiologie, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Microbiologie, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102197404"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102197404"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6914,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":173,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98380236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"6","first_page":"2151","last_page":"2155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10120","display_name":"Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10120","display_name":"Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11048","display_name":"Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10497","display_name":"Fungal and yeast genetics research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protoplast-fusion","display_name":"protoplast fusion","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacillus-subtilis","display_name":"Bacillus subtilis","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyethylene-glycol","display_name":"polyethylene glycol","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dnase","display_name":"DNase","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marker-segregation","display_name":"marker segregation","score":0.5690000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173749725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126500","display_name":"Protoplast","level":2,"score":0.9863213300704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20950039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578111","display_name":"Auxotrophy","level":4,"score":0.9129486083984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73445445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1712327","display_name":"Prophage","level":5,"score":0.8395534753799438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7192466855049133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777272437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131238","display_name":"Bacillus subtilis","level":3,"score":0.7128068804740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143191323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118406","display_name":"Ploidy","level":3,"score":0.6838932633399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5764029622077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776964284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410083","display_name":"Polyethylene glycol","level":2,"score":0.5687040090560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.5680732727050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.5346912741661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776441376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165028","display_name":"Bacteriophage","level":4,"score":0.4695817828178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136199206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148110","display_name":"Lysogenic cycle","level":5,"score":0.43089020252227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.4223550260066986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.42103660106658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.2646065950393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.22235631942749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.15800553560256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001412","descriptor_name":"Bacillus subtilis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002459","descriptor_name":"Cell Fusion","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008242","descriptor_name":"Lysogeny","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011092","descriptor_name":"Polyethylene Glycols","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011995","descriptor_name":"Recombination, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.73.6.2151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.6.2151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.6.2151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:819934","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/819934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:430468","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC430468/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:430468","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC430468/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113968800","https://openalex.org/W572814906","https://openalex.org/W596955613","https://openalex.org/W1494638277","https://openalex.org/W1676836968","https://openalex.org/W1678194650","https://openalex.org/W1759431648","https://openalex.org/W1964511689","https://openalex.org/W1969277545","https://openalex.org/W1992080302","https://openalex.org/W2001042147","https://openalex.org/W2010480835","https://openalex.org/W2021007729","https://openalex.org/W2025297343","https://openalex.org/W2028925497","https://openalex.org/W2040157343","https://openalex.org/W2053222796","https://openalex.org/W2106925302","https://openalex.org/W2140290990","https://openalex.org/W2421754501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092234787","https://openalex.org/W2936475843","https://openalex.org/W1596601670","https://openalex.org/W1013781750","https://openalex.org/W1981413891","https://openalex.org/W2053222796","https://openalex.org/W1591710663","https://openalex.org/W261058331","https://openalex.org/W1951395920","https://openalex.org/W2505047640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prototrophic":[0],"Bacillus":[1],"subtilis":[2],"cells":[3],"can":[4],"be":[5],"formed":[6],"in":[7,19,112,133,154],"the":[8,45,61,76,95,103,109,113,116,126,130,134,162,169,190,195],"presence":[9],"of":[10,15,22,53,75,89,108,115,125,172,194],"DNase":[11],"as":[12,146],"a":[13,155,180],"result":[14],"cell":[16],"fusion":[17],"occurring":[18],"mixed":[20,40,62],"populations":[21],"protoplasts":[23,48,63,91],"derived":[24],"from":[25,39,44,148],"two":[26],"parental":[27,47,127,141],"strains":[28,128],"which":[29,56,82,92,182],"are":[30,64,199],"both":[31],"nutritionally-complementing":[32],"and":[33,105,118,188],"polyauxotrophic.":[34],"No":[35,138],"prototrophs":[36],"ever":[37],"appear":[38],"nonprotoplasted":[41],"bacteria,":[42,140],"or":[43,142],"auxotrophic":[46,139],"plated":[49],"separately.":[50],"The":[51],"frequency":[52],"prototroph":[54],"formation,":[55],"is":[57,83,99,120,166,175],"appreciable":[58],"only":[59,191],"when":[60,122],"exposed":[65],"to":[66,85,94,177],"polyethylene":[67],"glycol":[68],"treatment,":[69],"may":[70],"exceed":[71],"1":[72,84],"X":[73,87],"10(-4)":[74],"total":[77],"protoplast":[78,178],"population":[79],"initially":[80],"present,":[81],"4":[86],"10(-3)":[88],"those":[90],"reverted":[93],"bacillary":[96],"form.":[97],"It":[98,165],"strongly":[100],"dependent":[101],"on":[102],"number":[104],"chromosomal":[106],"location":[107],"markers":[110,159],"used":[111],"selection":[114],"prototrophs,":[117],"it":[119],"unaffected":[121],"either":[123],"one":[124],"bears":[129],"phage":[131],"phi105":[132],"inducible":[135],"prophage":[136,186],"state.":[137],"otherwise,":[143],"were":[144],"found":[145],"segregants":[147],"repeatedly":[149],"isolated":[150],"protrotrophic":[151],"clones":[152],"growing":[153],"nonselective":[156],"medium.":[157],"Unselected":[158],"segregate":[160],"among":[161],"selected":[163],"recombinants.":[164,201],"concluded":[167],"that":[168,189],"observed":[170],"formation":[171],"prototropic":[173],"bacteria":[174],"due":[176],"fusion,":[179],"process":[181],"does":[183],"not":[184],"induce":[185],"development,":[187],"stable":[192],"products":[193],"resulting":[196],"diploid":[197],"state":[198],"haploid":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}