{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061276405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776","title":"An Ethics Framework for Public Health","display_name":"An Ethics Framework for Public Health","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061276405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776","mag":"2061276405","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11684600","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1446875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1446875","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003940631","display_name":"NANCY E. KASS","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-8456","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-8456"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nancy E. Kass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nancy E. Kass is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, and the Johns Hopkins University Bioethics Institute, Baltimore, Md"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nancy E. Kass is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, and the Johns Hopkins University Bioethics Institute, Baltimore, Md","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003940631"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0957,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99498961,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"91","issue":"11","first_page":"1776","last_page":"1782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12041","display_name":"Public Health Policies and Education","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12041","display_name":"Public Health Policies and Education","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12196","display_name":"Community Health and Development","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-ethics","display_name":"public health ethics","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethics-framework","display_name":"ethics framework","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-freedom","display_name":"individual liberty","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-justice","display_name":"social justice","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-and-morbidity-reduction","display_name":"morbidity and mortality reduction","score":0.8669999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.7690910696983337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.5324476957321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994107952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814351","display_name":"Public health interventions","level":3,"score":0.5023989677429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4561651349067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.44221869111061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4283744692802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.35977989435195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3561144471168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3493112027645111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.30862128734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.16815489530563354}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001675","descriptor_name":"Bioethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004991","descriptor_name":"Ethics, Institutional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009937","descriptor_name":"Organizational Objectives","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011635","descriptor_name":"Public Health Administration","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015397","descriptor_name":"Program Evaluation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017281","descriptor_name":"Cost of Illness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018672","descriptor_name":"Community Health Planning","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D026689","descriptor_name":"Ethical Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1446875","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1446875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:11684600","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11684600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/950072","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://worldcatlibraries.org/registry/gateway?version=1.0&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&atitle=An+ethics+framework+for+public+health&title=American+Journal+of+Public+Health+&volume=91&issue=11&spage=1782&date=2001-11&au=Kass,+Nancy+E.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:237655","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3159407796","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bdsp-ehesp.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=244433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1446875","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1446875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196741631","https://openalex.org/W948378668","https://openalex.org/W1525783179","https://openalex.org/W1564305378","https://openalex.org/W1948330119","https://openalex.org/W1977915491","https://openalex.org/W1989252935","https://openalex.org/W2006337883","https://openalex.org/W2006817128","https://openalex.org/W2028770837","https://openalex.org/W2077485576","https://openalex.org/W2141945666","https://openalex.org/W2171337834","https://openalex.org/W2499590469","https://openalex.org/W2968948429","https://openalex.org/W2996792868","https://openalex.org/W4231263319","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300477245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7101089276","https://openalex.org/W35152798","https://openalex.org/W2951680617","https://openalex.org/W1507760727","https://openalex.org/W2914680583","https://openalex.org/W2259412027","https://openalex.org/W4246477045","https://openalex.org/W1522814382","https://openalex.org/W580117492","https://openalex.org/W2138147903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"More":[0],"than":[1,22],"100":[2],"years":[3],"ago,":[4],"public":[5,30,63,71,82],"health":[6,18,31,64,72,83],"began":[7],"as":[8],"an":[9],"organized":[10],"discipline,":[11],"its":[12,26,40,44],"purpose":[13],"being":[14],"to":[15,142,148],"improve":[16],"the":[17,36,97,115,122],"of":[19,23,39,62,99,101,114],"populations":[20],"rather":[21],"individuals.":[24],"Given":[25],"population-based":[27],"focus,":[28],"however,":[29],"perennially":[32],"faces":[33],"dilemmas":[34],"concerning":[35],"appropriate":[37],"extent":[38],"reach":[41],"and":[42,78,120,128,136],"whether":[43],"activities":[45],"infringe":[46],"on":[47],"individual":[48,76],"liberties":[49,77],"in":[50],"ethically":[51],"troublesome":[52],"ways.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"article":[56],"a":[57,94,103,106,149],"framework":[58],"for":[59],"ethics":[60],"analysis":[61],"programs":[65,100],"is":[66,105],"proposed.":[67],"To":[68],"advance":[69],"traditional":[70],"goals":[73],"while":[74],"maximizing":[75],"furthering":[79],"social":[80,134],"justice,":[81],"interventions":[84],"should":[85],"reduce":[86,109],"morbidity":[87,110],"or":[88,111],"mortality;":[89,112],"data":[90],"must":[91,117,124,139],"substantiate":[92],"that":[93],"program":[95,104,116,123],"(or":[96],"series":[98],"which":[102,144],"part)":[107],"will":[108],"burdens":[113,145],"be":[118,125,140],"identified":[119],"minimized;":[121],"implemented":[126],"fairly":[127],"must,":[129],"at":[130],"times,":[131],"minimize":[132],"preexisting":[133],"injustices;":[135],"fair":[137],"procedures":[138],"used":[141],"determine":[143],"are":[146],"acceptable":[147],"community.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":95},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":49}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
