{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061115965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457677","title":"The police code of silence and different paths towards democratic policing","display_name":"The police code of silence and different paths towards democratic policing","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061115965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457677","mag":"2061115965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10439460802457677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457677","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23604231","display_name":"Policing & Society","issn_l":"1043-9463","issn":["1043-9463","1477-2728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017148232","display_name":"Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-5404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-5404"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University","Michigan State University , MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University , MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045178356","display_name":"Tara O\u2019Connor Shelley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tara O'Connor Shelley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University","Colorado State University, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017148232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.4768,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9847094,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"445","last_page":"473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-of-silence","display_name":"code of silence","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-policing","display_name":"democratic policing","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-reform","display_name":"police reform","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excessive-force","display_name":"excessive force","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-officers","display_name":"line officers","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervisors","display_name":"supervisors","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-conflict-policing","display_name":"post-conflict policing","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/czech-republic","display_name":"Czech Republic","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bosnia-and-herzegovina","display_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eastern-europe","display_name":"Eastern Europe","score":0.41100001335144043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780587575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6875295","display_name":"Misconduct","level":2,"score":0.7417277097702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17058734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064441","display_name":"Democratization","level":4,"score":0.7296637296676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777842544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9056","display_name":"Czech","level":2,"score":0.7039900422096252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781115785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502261","display_name":"Silence","level":2,"score":0.6591153144836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5719043612480164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5037402510643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.47788727283477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.44530102610588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4259200096130371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35429537296295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2333901822566986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0743563175201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10439460802457677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457677","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23604231","display_name":"Policing & Society","issn_l":"1043-9463","issn":["1043-9463","1477-2728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184888179","https://openalex.org/W200667675","https://openalex.org/W598056520","https://openalex.org/W609304131","https://openalex.org/W625380713","https://openalex.org/W629673149","https://openalex.org/W1533603760","https://openalex.org/W1969860503","https://openalex.org/W1989369014","https://openalex.org/W2022770214","https://openalex.org/W2024502447","https://openalex.org/W2038595489","https://openalex.org/W2061606086","https://openalex.org/W2080859993","https://openalex.org/W2081385464","https://openalex.org/W2088837489","https://openalex.org/W2098016254","https://openalex.org/W2126485802","https://openalex.org/W2378381320","https://openalex.org/W2478693635","https://openalex.org/W2483210411","https://openalex.org/W2494953937","https://openalex.org/W3012030673","https://openalex.org/W4214632356","https://openalex.org/W4255876503","https://openalex.org/W4285023587","https://openalex.org/W4388436262"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096239256","https://openalex.org/W3011325230","https://openalex.org/W2378381320","https://openalex.org/W2987751835","https://openalex.org/W1490408817","https://openalex.org/W2898300345","https://openalex.org/W2399212175","https://openalex.org/W3023762180","https://openalex.org/W2327046547","https://openalex.org/W4413441065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,41,123],"study":[1],"the":[2,5,10,39,61,74,88,114,118,127,133,142,148,159,169,181],"contours":[3],"of":[4,7,38,63,76,113,116,147,150,162,180],"code":[6,75,89,119,128],"silence":[8,77],"among":[9,80,92,96,132],"police":[11,45],"in":[12,50,85,106,138,141,155,158,172],"two":[13,26],"Eastern-European":[14],"countries":[15,27,108],"(the":[16],"Czech":[17,44],"Republic":[18],"(CR)":[19],"and":[20,22,47,58,82,104,136,144],"Bosnia":[21],"Herzegovina":[23],"(BiH)).":[24],"These":[25],"have":[28,109],"experienced":[29],"relatively":[30],"recent,":[31],"but":[32],"dramatically":[33],"different":[34],"paths":[35],"towards":[36],"democratisation":[37,179],"police.":[40,182],"surveyed":[42],"604":[43],"officers":[46,49,65,84,94,103,135],"451":[48],"BiH":[51,139,173],"regarding":[52],"their":[53],"willingness":[54,62],"to":[55,66],"report":[56,67,125],"misconduct":[57],"expectations":[59],"about":[60],"fellow":[64],"misconduct.":[68],"The":[69],"results":[70],"indicate":[71],"that,":[72],"although":[73],"is":[78,90,129,153],"present":[79],"supervisors":[81,105,137],"line":[83,93,134],"both":[86,107],"countries,":[87],"stronger":[91,154],"than":[95,140,157],"supervisors.":[97],"In":[98],"addition,":[99],"it":[100],"appears":[101],"that":[102,126,145,174],"a":[110],"good":[111],"grasp":[112],"extent":[115],"protection":[117],"will":[120],"actually":[121],"provide.":[122],"also":[124],"more":[130],"homogeneous":[131],"CR,":[143],"tolerance":[146],"use":[149],"excessive":[151],"force":[152],"Bi":[156],"CR.":[160],"Both":[161],"these":[163],"findings":[164],"may":[165],"be":[166],"explained":[167],"by":[168],"recent":[170],"war":[171],"created":[175],"unique":[176],"challenges":[177],"for":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
