{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2060326859","doi":null,"title":"Community Support for Mayoral Control of Urban School Districts: A Critical Reexamination","display_name":"Community Support for Mayoral Control of Urban School Districts: A Critical Reexamination","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2060326859","mag":"2060326859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.umn.edu:faculty_articles-1620","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401049","display_name":"eYLS (Yale Law School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","host_organization_name":"Yale University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2269812_code1321340.pdf?abstractid=2269812&mirid=1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026271502","display_name":"Francis X. Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-1686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-1686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francis X. Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota Law School","Harvard University - Department of Psychiatry"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-1686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Department of Psychiatry","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026271502"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516","https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89299253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.7827000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.7827000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.12540000677108765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mayoral-control","display_name":"mayoral control","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-school-districts","display_name":"urban school districts","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-accountability","display_name":"democratic accountability","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-legitimacy","display_name":"democratic legitimacy","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-education-reform","display_name":"urban education reform","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boston","display_name":"Boston","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cleveland","display_name":"Cleveland (Ohio)","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detroit","display_name":"Detroit","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-minorities","display_name":"urban minorities","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obama-administration-education-policy","display_name":"Obama administration education policy","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781462389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43109","display_name":"Referendum","level":3,"score":0.8254258632659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.7442843914031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.6512400507926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192852","display_name":"Opposition (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6128682494163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5739855766296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.48532575368881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992889544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5356385","display_name":"Electoral reform","level":4,"score":0.4696103036403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4492548406124115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991994803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Democratic legitimacy","level":4,"score":0.44031697511672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4152195453643799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20364856719970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18735387921333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.1078362762928009}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.umn.edu:faculty_articles-1620","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401049","display_name":"eYLS (Yale Law School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","host_organization_name":"Yale University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2060326859","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2269812_code1321340.pdf?abstractid=2269812&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2060326859","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2269812_code1321340.pdf?abstractid=2269812&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W248569263","https://openalex.org/W573957055","https://openalex.org/W579556625","https://openalex.org/W582531430","https://openalex.org/W591490357","https://openalex.org/W605063539","https://openalex.org/W607281590","https://openalex.org/W610187843","https://openalex.org/W1488834222","https://openalex.org/W1978423913","https://openalex.org/W1995297713","https://openalex.org/W2029036916","https://openalex.org/W2029273250","https://openalex.org/W2031340404","https://openalex.org/W2031513162","https://openalex.org/W2055502816","https://openalex.org/W2063670113","https://openalex.org/W2076363222","https://openalex.org/W2083569625","https://openalex.org/W2091638007","https://openalex.org/W2095495093","https://openalex.org/W2589669384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121976557","https://openalex.org/W7097215997","https://openalex.org/W2107605305","https://openalex.org/W2171486178","https://openalex.org/W610187843","https://openalex.org/W2800342384","https://openalex.org/W329280364","https://openalex.org/W7020787704","https://openalex.org/W222778696","https://openalex.org/W7096319572"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secretary":[0],"of":[1,12,26,68,96,106,154,190,201,225,234,263,279],"Education":[2],"Arne":[3],"Duncan":[4],"has":[5],"encouraged":[6],"more":[7],"mayors":[8],"to":[9,18,30,59,61,74,136,149,167,180,197,248],"take":[10],"charge":[11],"their":[13,274],"urban":[14,202,208,235,280],"schools":[15],"districts.":[16],"Central":[17],"debates":[19],"over":[20],"mayoral":[21,32,52,77,100,162,182,230],"control":[22,78,163,183,231],"is":[23,192],"the":[24,86,107,114,124,137,141,152,175,181,199,226,245,252,261,264,277,284],"use":[25],"a":[27,172,194,223],"citywide":[28,89],"referendum":[29,173,187],"legitimize":[31],"control.":[33,101],"Referenda":[34],"have":[35,71],"been":[36,72],"used":[37,73],"in":[38,47,55,110,126,132,188,207,215],"Boston":[39,48,111,133],"(1996),":[40],"Cleveland":[41,50],"(1998),":[42],"and":[43,49,112,131,189,204,232,240,251,254,272],"Detroit":[44,56],"(2004).":[45],"Voters":[46],"supported":[51],"control,":[53],"while":[54],"voters":[57],"chose":[58],"return":[60],"an":[62,93],"elected":[63],"school":[64],"board.":[65],"The":[66,212,218,238,257,266],"results":[67,109,262],"these":[69,270],"votes":[70],"argue":[75],"that":[76,88,117],"ensures":[79],"democratic":[80,122],"accountability.":[81],"This":[82],"article,":[83],"however,":[84],"challenges":[85],"view":[87],"referenda":[90,108,125],"alone":[91],"are":[92],"effective":[94],"means":[95],"ensuring":[97],"accountability":[98,184],"for":[99,147,276],"Through":[102],"new":[103],"empirical":[104],"analysis":[105,157],"Cleveland,":[113],"article":[115,213],"shows":[116],"rather":[118],"than":[119],"establish":[120],"genuine":[121],"legitimacy,":[123],"fact":[127],"mask":[128],"strong":[129],"class-based,":[130],"race-based":[134],"opposition":[135],"reform":[138,210],"strategy.":[139],"Although":[140],"available":[142],"data":[143,253],"do":[144,165],"not":[145,193],"allow":[146],"generalization":[148],"other":[150],"municipalities,":[151],"implication":[153],"this":[155],"article\u2019s":[156],"remains":[158],"clear:":[159],"Legislatures":[160],"considering":[161],"would":[164],"well":[166],"think":[168],"carefully":[169],"before":[170],"adopting":[171],"as":[174],"only":[176],"or":[177],"primary":[178],"solution":[179],"dilemma.":[185],"A":[186],"itself":[191],"satisfactory":[195],"safeguard":[196],"ensure":[198],"participation":[200],"minorities":[203],"poor":[205],"residents":[206],"education":[209,281],"discussions.":[211],"proceeds":[214],"several":[216],"parts.":[217],"Literature":[219],"Review":[220],"section":[221,243,259,268],"presents":[222,260],"review":[224],"relevant":[227],"literatures":[228],"on":[229],"issues":[233],"political":[236],"representation.":[237],"Data":[239],"Analytic":[241],"Framework":[242],"discusses":[244,273],"specific":[246],"hypotheses":[247],"be":[249],"tested,":[250],"methodology":[255],"utilized.":[256],"Results":[258],"analysis.":[265],"Discussion":[267],"synthesizes":[269],"findings":[271],"implications":[275],"future":[278],"policy":[282],"under":[283],"Obama":[285],"administration.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}